Table of Contents
1 Introduction 1
1.1 Book Motivation 1
1.2 Power Amplifiers in Modern Wireless Applications 3
1.3 Challenges in Power Amplifier Design 4
1.4 Objective of Book 5
1.5 Primary Contributions 6
1.6 Book Synopsis 9
1.7 References 12
2 Modulated Domain Measurement Systems 15
2.1 Introduction 15
2.2 Memory Effects in Power Amplifiers 16
2.2.1 Identification of Memory Effects 17
2.2.2 Sources of Memory Effects 18
2.2.3 Types of Memory Effects 19
2.2.3.1 Short Term Memory Effects 20
2.2.3.2 Long Term Memory Effects 20
2.2.3.2.1 Thermal and Trapping Memory Effects 21
2.2.3.2.2 Electrical Memory Effects 22
2.3 Modulated Domain Measurements Systems 24
2.3.1 Industrial Measurement Solutions 30
2.3.1.1 The Spectrum Analyzer 30
2.3.1.2 The Vector Network Analyzer 31
2.3.1.3 The Vector Signal Analyzer 31
2.3.1.4 Large Signal Network Analyzers 32
2.4 Previous Cardiff Modulated Measurement System 32
2.4.1 Previous Modulated Measurement System Limitations 34
2.4.1.1 Triggering for Modulated Measurements 35
2.4.1.2 Post Measurement Averaging 36
2.4.1.3 Active IF Load-pull Architecture 37
2.4.1.4 Active RF Load-pull Architecture 37
2.5 Enhanced Modulated Measurement System 38
2.5.1 Necessary Measurement System Enhancements 39
2.5.1.1 Multi-tone Measurement Averaging 40
2.5.1.2 Multi-tone Measurement Software 42
2.5.1.3 Broadband Baseband Load-pull 44
2.5.1.4 Why AWG for Modulated RF Load-pull? 47
2.5.1.5 Broadband Modulated RF Load-pull 47
2.5.2 Capabilities of Enhanced Measurement System 50
2.5.2.1 Extended Dynamic Range 51
2.5.2.2 Extension of Measurement Bandwidth 53
2.5.2.3 Possible Measurement Options 54
2.5.2.4 Stitching Problem Occurrence 55
2.6 System Calibration 56
2.6.1 IF Calibration Verification 58
2.6.2 Measurement Accuracy Enhancement 61
2.7 Demonstration of Multi-tone Measurement Capability 62
2.7.1 Output Power Spectrum Comparison 64
2.8 Impedance Control Solution 67
2.8.1 Demonstration of Baseband Load-pull Capability 68
2.8.2 Demonstration of RF Load-pull Capability 73
2.8.3 Why Out-of-Band Impedance Control is Necessary? 75
2.8.4 Comprehensive Out-of-Band Impedance Control 78
2.9 Chapter Summary 79
2.10 References 80
