Paul Carus was born in Ilsenburg, Germany. Emigrating to the U.S.A. in the early 1880s because of his liberal views, he preached reverence for science and espoused a monistic philosophy with pantheistic overtones in such works as 'Philosophy as a Science' (1909). A prolific writer, he also helped found two important journals, 'The Open Court' (1887) and the 'Monist' (1890), and was director of the 'Open Court publishing' company in Chicago.