Table of Contents

, Preface for the Instructor1. INTRODUCING THE BOOKA. Philosophical Questions and WonderB. Features of This BookC. A Little Logic2. THE PHILOSOPHY OF RELIGIONA. Challenges to Religious Belief1. The Irrationality of Believing in Miracles, David Hume2. Religion as the Opium of the Masses, Karl Marx3. The Death of God, Friedrich NietzscheB. The Problem of Evil1. God and Human Suffering, Fyodor Dostoevsky2. The Logical Problem of Evil, John L. Mackie3. The Logical Problem of Evil Challenged, William Rowe4. A Soul-Making Theodicy, John HickC. Mysticism and Religious Experience1. Hindu Mysticism2. The Limited Authority of Mystical Experiences, William James3. The Untrustworthiness of Mystical Experiences, Bertrand Russell4. The Trustworthiness of Religious Experiences, Richard SwinburneD. The Ontological Argument for God's Existence1. Anselm's Proofs2. Against the Ontological Argument, Gaunilo, Aquinas, and KantE. The Cosmological Argument for God's Existence1. Aquinas's Proofs2. Clarke's Proof and Hume's CriticismsF. The Design Argument for God's Existence1. Against the Design Argument, David Hume2. The Design Argument Revisited, William Paley3. Evolution and the Design Argument, Charles Darwin4. The Fine-Tuning Argument, Robin CollinsG. Faith and Rationality1. Waging on Belief in God, Blaise Pascal2. The Will to Believe, William James3. Can We Know God Without Arguments?, Alvin Plantinga and Jay Van Hook3. HUMAN NATURE AND THE SELFA. Determinism Versus Free Will1. The Case for Determinism, Baron d'Holbach2. Compatibilism, David Hume3. In Defense of Free Will, Thomas Reid4. Determinism, Indeterminism, and Agency, Richard Taylor5. Determinism and Second-Order Desires, Harry FrankfurtB. Identity and Survival1. No-Self and Transmigration of the Soul, Buddhism2. The Self as a Bundle of Perceptions, David Hume3. Identity and Survival, Terence PenelhumC. The Self as Active Being1. The Self as Spirit, Søren Kierkegaard2. The Self as Worker, Karl Marx3. The Self as the Will to Power, Friedrich Nietzsche4. The Self as Being Toward Death, Martin HeideggerD. The Self Connected with a Larger Reality1. The Self-God, Hindu Upanishads2. The Way of Nature, Chuang-tzu3. The Ecological Self, Arne Naess4. Human Beings as Evolved Animals, Charles Darwin4. SOULS, MINDS, BODIES, AND MACHINESA. Ancient Western Views on Body, Soul, and Mind1. Materialism, Atoms, and Sensation: Democritus and Lucretius2. Body and Soul: Plato3. Soul as Form of the Body: AristotleB. Classic Hindu Views on Soul, Self, and God1. The Outer Empirical Self and the Inner Self-God, Katha Upanishad2. Strict Monism, Sankara3. Qualified Monism, RamanujaC. Modern Views on Mind and Body1. Mental and Physical Substance, René Descartes2. The Mixture of Body and Soul, Anne Conway3. Idealist Monism and Parallelism, Benedict Spinoza and Gottfried Wilhelm LeibnizD. Twentieth-Century Views on Mind and Body1. Logical Behaviorism, Gilbert Ryle2. Mind-Brain Identity and Eliminative Materialism, J.J.C. Smart and Paul Churchland3. Functionalism, Jerry FodorE. Intentionality1. Intentionality as the Mark of the Mental, Franz Brentano2. Kinds of Intentional Psychology, Daniel DennettF. Minds and Machines1. Humans as Machines, Thomas Huxley2. Reminders About Machines and Thinking, Ludwig Wittgenstein and Paul Ziff3. Minds, Brains, and the Chinese Room Argument, John Searle4. A Reply to Searle, William G. Lycan5. Natural Languages, AI, and Existential Holism, John Haugeland5. EPISTEMOLOGYA. Skepticism and Certainty1. The Relativity of All Things, Chuang-tzu2. The Goals and Methods of Skepticism, Sextus Empiricus3. Dreams, Illusions, and the Evil Genius, René Descartes4. Skepticism About the External World, David Hume5. The Problem of Induction, David Hume and Peter StrawsonB. Sources of Knowledge: Rationalism and Empiricism1. Knowledge Does Not Come from the Senses, Plato2. All Knowledge Derives from the Senses, John Locke3. The Nature of Perception, John SearleC. A Priori Knowledge1. The Fork, David Hume2. Analytic and Synthetic Judgments, Immanuel Kant3. One Dogma of Empiricism, Willard Van Orman QuineD. Foundationalism and Coherence1. Foundationalism, René Descartes and John Locke2. Knowledge and Coherence, Jonathan Dancy3. The Raft Versus the Pyramid, Ernest SosaE. Problems with Justified Belief1. True Belief Is Not Sufficient for Knowledge, Edmund Gettier2. Justification, Internalism, and Warrant, Alvin Plantinga3. Naturalist Externalism Versus Internalism, Keith Lehrer4. Justified Belief and Intellectual Virtues, Linda ZagzebskiF. The Social Construction of Knowledge1. Social Factors in the Development of Knowledge and Science, Thomas Kuhn2. Epistemology and the Sex of the Knower, Lorraine Code3. Confusions in Constructivist Views, Alan Sokal6. ETHICSA. Are Moral Values Objective?1. Morality Grounded in Unchanging Spiritual Forms, Plato2. Moral Relativism, Sextus, Montaigne, and Mackie3. The Case Against Moral Relativism, James RachelsB. Can Human Conduct Be Selfless?1. Whether Human Nature Is Inherently Good or Evil, Mencius and Hsun-tzu2. The Selfish Origins of Pity and Charity, Thomas Hobbes3. Love of Others Not Opposed to Self-Love, Joseph Butler4. Altruism and Sociobiology, Edward O. WilsonC. Reason and Moral Judgments1. Can We Derive Ought from Is?, David Hume and John Searle2. Expressing Feelings, Alfred Jules Ayer3. Morality and the Best Reasons, Kurt BaierD. Gender and Morality1. Rational Morality for Men and Women, Mary Wollstonecraft2. Uniquely Female Morality, Carol GilliganE. Virtues1. Virtue and Happiness, Aristotle2. Traditions and Virtues, Alasdair MacIntyreF. Duties1. Duties to God, Oneself, and Others, Samuel Pufendorf2. The Categorical Imperative, Immanuel Kant3. Prima Facie Duties, William D. Ross4. Duties Toward Animals, Kant and ReganG. Pleasure and Consequences1. Hedonistic Ethical Egoism, Epicurus2. Utilitarian Calculus, Jeremy Bentham3. Utilitarianism and Higher Pleasures, John Stuart Mill7. POLITICAL PHILOSOPHYA. Anarchism1. Governments Contrary to the Way of Nature, Chuang-tzu2. An Argument for Anarchy, Errico Malatesta3. The Conflict Between Authority and Autonomy, Robert Paul WolffB. Sources of Political Authority1. Natural Law, Samuel Pufendorf2. The Social Contract, Thomas Hobbes3. Natural Rights, John LockeC. Liberalism and Communitarianism1. Justice in the Original Position, John Rawls2. Libertarianism, Robert Nozick3. Communitarianism, Michael J. SandelD. Virtuous Leadership1. Virtuous Leaders at the Root of Good Government, Confucianism2. The Philosopher King, Plato3. Political Survival, Niccoló MachiavelliE. Limits of Political Coercion1. The Limited Purpose of Punishment, Cesare Beccaria2. Preserving Individual Liberty, John Stuart Mill3. Offense to Others, Joel FeinbergF. Civil Obedience, Disobedience, and Revolution1. Obedience to the State, Plato2. Civil Disobedience, Martin Luther King3. A Defense of Revolution, John Locke, Glossary, Works Cited, Illustration Acknowledgments, Index