Table of Contents

PrefaceCHAPTER 1. Public Speaking as the Intersection of Rhetoric and DemocracyRHETORIC AS A CIVIC ARTTHE HISTORICAL RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN RHETORIC AND DEMOCRACYDemocratic Participation in the AssemblyPublic Critique in a DemocracyRHETORIC AND DEMOCRACY ARE MUTUALLY REINFORCINGRhetoric Encourages DemocracyDemocracy Encourages RhetoricCivic Rhetoric at the Local Level, —Spotlight on Social Media: Twitter and Public ActivismCivic Rhetoric at the Global LevelCHAPTER 2. The Landscape of Public Discourse and the Politics of PolarizationTHE PROBLEMS WITH PUBLIC COMMUNICATIONThe Public, the Public Sphere, and Public DiscourseGrowing Concerns about the State of Our Public CommunicationThe Qualities of Unproductive DiscourseOBSTACLES TO PRODUCTIVE COMMUNICATIONThe News MediaIncivility as StrategyMarketing Ideas Rather Than Working toward CompromiseReluctant Participation in Democratic ProcessesCHANGING OUR PUBLIC COMMUNICATION: TOWARD PRODUCTIVE DISCOURSERethinking Public Discourse, —Spotlight on Social Media: Keep it to Yourself? Politics on FacebookQualities of Productive DiscourseUNPRODUCTIVE DISCOURSE AND THE ROLE OF SOCIAL PROTESTSocial Hierarchy and Policing DiscourseSocial Protest as Political StrategyCHAPTER 3. The Ethics of Public SpeakingETHICS AND RHETORICAL ETHICSEthical CodesRhetorical EthicsTHE ETHICS OF SPEECH PREPARATIONThe Deceptively Hard Work of Speech PreparationSpeech Preparation as an Ethical DemandTHE ETHICS OF SPEECH PERFORMANCEThe Ethics of Public InfluenceEthos and Five Ethical Practices of Public Communication, Avoiding Plagiarism, Ethical Research, Practicing Ethical and Sound Reasoning, Ethical Language Use, Being Responsible for the Consequences of your Public RhetoricTHE ETHICS OF LISTENINGActive ListeningListening to Improve as a SpeakerQualities of Ethical Listening, Ethical Listening Attitude, Listening to Comprehend and Retain Information, Listening for Message Evaluation, —Spotlight on Social Media: Ethical Listening in the Electronic AgeCHAPTER 4. Conducting Credible and Effective ResearchRESEARCH AS INQUIRY VERSUS STRATEGYTYPES OF SOURCESYourself as a ResourceGeneralized KnowledgeNews, —Spotlight on Social Media: Social Media Deliver and Shape the NewsScholarship and Trade JournalsBooksGovernment DocumentsLegal DocumentsCorporate MaterialsPeople's Opinions and ExperiencesINTERVIEWSMaking a ContactPreparing for the InterviewConducting the InterviewACCESS SOURCES ONLINEResearch DatabasesSpecialized Search EnginesDomain Name LabelsSite-Specific SearchesSimple and Advanced Field SearchesBoolean SearchesSearches Using Punctuation MarksSaving Sources from the InternetFOUR CRITERIA TO CONSIDER WHEN CHOOSING SOURCESRelevanceRecencyCredibilityBiasDOCUMENTING YOUR SOURCESOral CitationsBibliographiesCHAPTER 5. Knowing and Adapting to Your AudienceTHE IMPORTANCE OF AUDIENCEAUDIENCE ANALYSISAudience Analysis and AdvertisingAudience Analysis and the AncientsContemporary Audience Analysis, Demographic Factors, Limitations to Using Demographic Factors, Psychological Factors, Environmental FactorsAUDIENCE ADAPTATIONIt's Still Your MessageFinding Common GroundUsing Appropriate LanguageAdjusting Depth and Complexity of ContentAppealing to Deeply Held ValuesUsing Compelling Supporting AppealsSelecting Credible and Familiar SourcesAdaptation, Not Manipulation, —Spotlight on Social Media: Mitt Romney and the Challenges of the Unintended AudienceIMAGINING THE FUTURE TOGETHERCHAPTER 6. Organizing Your Public Presentation in a Clear and Compelling MannerTHE PURPOSE OF ORGANIZATIONFour Benefits of a Well-Organized SpeechThe Recursive Nature of OrganizationTHESIS STATEMENTS: FRAMING A CLEAR PURPOSEA Thesis to Inform an Audience as They Prepare for Deliberation, Damien's Draft Thesis, Damien's Revised ThesisA Thesis for Persuasion: Advocating Community Involvement in Animal Welfare, Ryan's Draft Thesis, Ryan's Revised ThesisMAIN POINTS: THE BODY OF YOUR SPEECHGorgias' Main IdeasRyan's Main IdeasYour Main Ideas, —Spotlight on Social Media: Twitter at Conference PresentationsPATTERNS OF ARRANGEMENTCategorical ArrangementChronological ArrangementSpatial ArrangementCause-Effect ArrangementThree Problem-Based Arrangements, Problem - Solution Arrangement, Problem - Alternatives - Solution Arrangement, Problem - Cause - Solution - Solvency ArrangementRefutative ArrangementMonroe's Motivated SequenceFRAMING WITH EFFECTIVE INTRODUCTIONS AND CONCLUSIONSThe Functions of Introductions, Get Attention, Raise a Need, Establish Credibility and Good Will, State Your Thesis or Focal Point, Preview the Body of the SpeechThe Functions of Conclusions, Summarize Your Main Points, Restate Your Thesis or Focal Point, Articulate Implications or Give Call to Action, End DecisivelyCONNECTING SPEECH ELEMENTSIdeas for Writing Transitions and SignpostsCHAPTER 7. Writing Effective Preparation and Presentation OutlinesTHE IMPORTANCE OF OUTLININGTHE PRINCIPLES OF OUTLININGConsistent Indentation and SymbolizationSubordinationCoordinationParallelismBalanceTHE PREPARATION OUTLINEBegin with the Speech TitleState Your Specific PurposeLabel and State Your ThesisLabel and Offer a Preview for the SpeechLabel Your Introduction and ConclusionWrite Main Points and Sub-points in Complete SentencesLabel Transitions and Internal Summaries or Internal Previews as SignpostsInclude a Bibliography, —Sample Preparation Outline—Putting Our Heads in the Game: Deliberating Concussions and High School FootballTHE PRESENTATION OUTLINEStrive for BrevityMaintain Indentation and Other Visual GuidesInclude Delivery NotesFormat Presentation Outline for the Rhetorical Situation, —Sample Presentation (Key Word) Outline-Putting Our Heads in the Game: Deliberating Concussions and High School Football, —Another Preparation Outline: Showing Compassion to Our Animal Friends (Persuasive Speech)CHAPTER 8. Using Style to Harness the Power of LanguageTHE USES OF STYLE IN PRESENTATIONSClarityAttentionEmotionPerspective CreationSTYLISTIC DEVICESRhythm, Parallelism, Repetition, Antithesis, AlliterationVisualization, Concrete Language, Visual Imagery, Simile, Metaphor, PersonificationStrengthening Argument, Irony, Satire, Reference to the UnusualCommunity, Inclusive Pronouns, Gender Neutral Language, Maxim, Ideograph, —Spotlight on Social Media: DePaul University Social Media GuidelinesFRAMINGCHAPTER 9. Engaging Your Audience through Delivery and MemoryDELIVERYSpeech Anxiety is Normal, Strategies to use Prior to Speaking, Strategies to Use During a Speech, Strategies to Use After a SpeechFind a Manner of Delivery that Works for YouDelivery is SituationalYour Delivery Will Develop Over TimeELEMENTS OF DELIVERYVocal Delivery, Volume, Tone, Rate, Pauses, Articulation, Pronunciation, Vocal FillersNonverbal Delivery, Eye contact, Facial Expressions, Gestures and Movement, AppearanceConclusions about Vocal and Nonverbal DeliveryMEMORY AND MODES OF DELIVERYExtemporaneous DeliveryImpromptu DeliveryMemorized DeliveryManuscript Delivery, —Spotlight on Social Media: Phil Davison Wants Your SupportCHAPTER 10. Speaking Informatively through Deliberative PresentationsINFORMATIVE SPEAKINGThe Need for Informative Speaking in Civic Affairs, —Spotlight on Social Media: Mediated Learning Communities Expand Our Understanding of Informative SpeakingTypes of Informative Speeches in a Civic Engagement Context, Instructional Speeches, Problem-Focused Speeches, Deliberative PresentationsPREPARING A DELIBERATIVE PRESENTATIONSelecting a Public ControversyDiscovering a Range of PerspectivesFraming for Deliberation, Defining the Problem Fairly, Identifying Trade-offs, Weighing Competing ValuesOrganizing and Delivering the Deliberative PresentationLIMITATIONS AND BENEFITS OF INFORMATIVE SPEAKINGCHAPTER 11. Helping Communities Make Difficult Decisions through Deliberative DiscussionsDISTINCTIVE QUALITIES OF DELIBERATIVE DISCUSSIONSDELIBERATIVE DISCUSSIONS IN HISTORICAL CONTEXT, —Spotlight on Social Media: The Advantages and Challenges of Online Deliberative DiscussionsDELIBERATIVE DISCUSSION STRUCTURETHE HEART OF A DELIBERATIVE DISCUSSION: WORKING THROUGH THE ISSUEDISCUSSION LEADINGCreating a Comfortable EnvironmentSpecific Leadership TasksDeveloping Discussion QuestionsPARTICIPATING IN A DELIBERATIVE DISCUSSIONBENEFITS OF DELIBERATIVE DISCUSSIONSCHAPTER 12. Persuading an Audience to Modify Their Beliefs, Values, or ActionsINVENTION: THE SUBSTANCE OF PERSUASIONHeuristicsModes of ProofTHE PERSUASIVE PROCESSAudience Analysis and AdaptationPersuasive GoalFraming Persuasive EffortsIdentify an Issue Worthy of AttentionOffer a Superior ResponseEmpower Your Audience—Provide a Means to Act, —Spotlight on Social Media: Persuasive Advocacy Using Facebook and TwitterCHAPTER 13. Practicing Good Reasoning through Quality ArgumentsARGUMENT AND THE TOULMIN MODELClassical ReasoningUsing the Toulmin ModelArguments and Their LimitsEVIDENCE AND ITS EVALUATIONExamplesStatisticsTestimonyPATTERNS OF REASONING AND REASONING FALLACIESReasoning from ExampleReasoning from AnalogyReasoning from CauseReasoning from SignReasoning from AuthorityAdditional Common Fallacies, —Spotlight on Social Media: Taking Academic Debate OnlineCHAPTER 14. Designing Visual Aids to Reach an AudienceVISUAL AIDS CAN BENEFIT SPEAKERSVisual Aids Can Increase ClarityVisual Aids Can Summarize Ideas QuicklyVisual Aids Can Increase Audience's Attention and RecallVisual Aids Have the Power to Affect Your Credibility as a SpeakerVISUAL RHETORIC AND CIVIC ENGAGEMENTImages Function as Visual RhetoricVisual Aids and Civil Discourse, The Pitfalls of Oversimplification, Unnecessary Complexity, and Unproductive Discourse, The Rhetoric of Visual Aids as Productive DiscourseTYPES OF VISUAL AIDSPresentation Software, PowerPoint, Keynote, Prezi, Google Presentation, Final Thoughts on Presentation SoftwareOther Types of Visual Aids, Their Affordances, and Considerations for their Use, —Spotlight on Social Media: TedTalks: Aimee Mullins "My 12 Pairs of Legs"VISUAL AIDS AND THE ART OF DESIGNAdditional Considerations in Artistic Design, White Space, Font, Color, Ease of Processing, Image Quality, Slide Readability for All Audience Members, Content Overload, Transition and Animation Overload, The "Ooops" FactorINTEGRATING THE VISUAL WITH THE ORAL PRESENTATIONResearch Venue ConstraintsPractice with Your AidsDon't Read from Your SlidesDon't be Afraid of a Blank ScreenCHAPTER 15. Rhetorical Criticism as Civic EngagementRHETORIC AND RHETORICAL CRITICISMRhetoric as Symbolic ActionRhetorical Criticism, Description and Interpretation, EvaluationRHETORICAL CRITICISM AS AN INTELLECTUAL DISCIPLINEFOUNDATIONAL ELEMENTS IN RHETORICAL CRITICISMSelecting Rhetorical ArtifactsSituating Rhetorical Acts in ContextReading Rhetorical Artifacts, —Spotlight on Social Media: Analyzing Visual Images as Rhetorical ArtifactsConsidering AudienceEVALUATING DEMOCRATIC PRACTICE AND CIVIC ENGAGEMENTRhetorical Criticism as Democratic ParticipationCHAPTER 16. Public Communication AnalysisLOCATING A RHETORICAL ARTIFACTDETERMINING THE CONTEXTDESCRIBING AND INTERPRETING THE RHETORICAL FEATURESArgumentationAppeals to Emotions and LoyaltiesRhetor's CredibilityConstruction of the Desired AudienceConstruction of the Undesired AudienceOrganizationStyle and FramingDelivery, —Spotlight on Social Media: A Blog Devoted to Rhetorical Criticism of Public CommunicationEVALUATING THE RHETORICAL ARTIFACTDid the Artifact Achieve the Rhetor's Goals? Why or Why not? Did the Artifact Strengthen or Weaken Democratic Principles? How?, How Did the Artifact Directly Support or Hurt Democratic Principles?, How Did the Artifact Indirectly Support or Hurt Democratic Principles?CHAPTER 17. Ideological AnalysisIDEOLOGICAL CRITICISM AND CIVIC PARTICIPATIONLOCATING A RHETORICAL ARTIFACTDETERMINING THE CONTEXT OF THE RHETORICAL ARTIFACTDESCRIBE AND INTERPRET THE ARTIFACT'S IDEOLOGICAL ASSUMPTIONSIdeological Assumptions and AgencyIdeological Assumptions and HegemonyIdeological Assumptions and Resistance, —Spotlight on Social Media: A Mighty Girl Blog and Facebook PostsEVALUATE HOW THE ARTIFACT'S IDEOLOGICAL ASSUMPTIONS ELEVATE OR CHALLENGE DEMOCRATIC PRINCIPLES, Glossary, Notes, Index