Table of Contents
Preface ix
Section 1 Why Do Attitudes Matter? 1
1 What are Attitudes and How are They Measured? 3
What is an Attitude? 3
A Short History of Attitudes Research 5
How are Attitudes Measured? 10
2 The Three Witches of Attitudes 24
The First Witch - Attitude Content 24
The Second Witch - Attitude Structure 34
The Third Witch - Attitude Functions 38
Making a Better Brew: Linking Attitude Content, Structure, and Function 41
Section 2 What Do Attitudes Do? 45
3 The influence of Attitudes on Information Processing and Behavior 47
The Influence of Attitudes on Information Processing 48
The Influence of Attitudes on Behavior 55
4 How Do Attitudes Influence Behavior? 67
The Theory of Reasoned Action and the Theory of Planned Behavior 68
Issues Relevant to the Reasoned Action Framework 70
The "MODE" Model 77
The Composite Attitude-Behavior Model 82
Section 3 What Shapes Attitudes? 87
5 Cognitive Influences on Attitudes 89
The Close Connection Between Beliefs and Attitudes 90
Incentives to Change 91
Processing Stages 92
Cognitive Responses 94
Different Processes: To Think or Not to Think 96
One Process or Two? 105
Meta-Cognitions 106
6 Affective Influences on Attitudes 111
The Close Connection Between Feeling and Attitudes 112
Exposure 112
Emotion Learning 117
Mood Effects on Attitude Judgments 123
Emotion Effects on Attitude Judgments 127
7 Behavioral Influences on Attitudes 131
Why Did I Do That? 132
Behavioral Exploration 133
Role Playing 134
Self-Perception 135
Cognitive Dissonance 139
8 Basic Principles in How Attitudes are Shaped 153
Difficulty in Identifying the Basic Principles of Persuasion 154
Principle 1: Influence by Silly Things 154
Principle 2: Influence by Motivation and Ability 156
Principle 3: Influence by a Common Language 158
Principle 4: Influence by the Unknown 163
Other Potential Principles 165
Principles from Another Point of View 168
Section 4 What More Is There To Learn? 171
9 The Internal World 173
Implicit Windows into Attitudes 174
Let's Get Physical: The Effects of Body Movements on Attitudes 175
Revealing the Biological Underpinnings of Attitudes 179
Nuerological Processes Underlying Attitudes 184
Attitudes over the Lifespan 189
10 The External World 193
Time 194
Relationships 198
Groups 203
Culture 210
The External World: An Aerial View 213
11 Adding to the Witches' Brew 215
The Three Witches Revisited 216
Potions Relevant to All Three Witches 223
General Issues 225
Stirring the Brew 229
References 231
Subject Index 266
Author Index 271
