Table of Contents

• Foreword [Edwin O. Reischauer]
• Preface, 1983, by John King Fairbank
• Introduction
  • 1. The Chinese Scene
    • The Contrast of North and South
    • China’s Origins
    • The Harmony of Man and Nature
    
    
    
    
  
  
  
  
• Part I: The Old Order
  • 2. The Nature of Chinese Society
    • Social Structure
    • The Peasant: Family and Kinship
    • The Market Community
    • Early China as an “Oriental” Society
    • The Medieval Flowering
    • The Gentry Class
    • The Chinese Written Language—The Scholar
    • Chinese Writing
    • The Scholar Class
    • Nondevelopment of Capitalism—The Merchant
    
    
    
    
  • 3. The Confucian Pattern
    • Confucian Principles
    • Government by Moral Prestige
    • Early Achievements in Bureaucratic Administration
    • The Classical Orthodoxy
    • Neo-Confucianism Chinese Militarism
    • Individualism, Chinese Style
    • The Nondevelopment of Science
    
    
    
    
  • 4. Alien Rule and Dynastic Cycles
    • Nomad Conquest
    • The First Sino-Foreign Empires
    • The Manchu Achievement
    • The Nature of Chinese Nationalism
    • The Dynastic Cycle
    
    
    
    
  • 5. The Political Tradition
    • Bureaucracy
    • Central Controls
    • Government as Organized “Corruption”
    • Law
    • Religion
    • Taoism
    • Buddhism
    • Chinese Humanism
    • Folk Sects and Peasant Rebellion
    
    
    
    
  
  
  
  
• Part II: The Revolutionary Process
  • 6. The Western Invasion
    • European versus Chinese Expansion
    • The Arab Role
    • The Ming Explorations
    • Early Maritime Contact
    • The Jesuit Success
    • China’s Impact on Europe
    • The Tribute System
    • The Canton System and Its Collapse
    • The Treaty System
    • Extraterritoriality
    • The Demographic Disaster
    
    
    
    
  • 7. Rebellion and Restoration
    • The White Lotus as a Prototype
    • The Taiping Heavenly Kingdom
    • The Taiping Religion
    • Taiping Communism
    • The Nien and Other Rebels
    • The Restoration of Confucian Government
    • “China’s Response to the West” in Retrospect
    
    
    
    
  • 8. Reform and Revolution
    • The Self-Strengthening Movement
    • Imperialism and Reform in 1898
    • Revolutionaries versus Reformers
    • Sun Yat-sen
    • Liang Ch’i-ch’ao
    • Dynastic Reform and Republican Revolution
    • The New Nationalism
    • The Revolutionary Leadership
    
    
    
    
  • 9. The Rise of the Kuomintang
    • The Search for a New Order
    • The Collapse of Parliamentary Democracy
    • The Republic’s Decline into Warlordism
    • The Growth of Urban Nationalism
    • The May Fourth Movement
    • The Student Movement and New Literature
    • The Nationalist Revolution
    • The Kuomintang–Communist Alliance
    • The Nationalist Accession to Power
    
    
    
    
  • 10. The Nanking Government
    • Political Development
    • Party Dictatorship
    • Rights Recovery
    • The Rise of Chiang Kai-shek
    • Echoes of Confucianism
    • Roots of Totalitarianism
    • Progress toward Industrialization
    • Transportation
    • Industry
    • Banking and Fiscal Policy
    • Public Finance
    • Local Government
    • The Rural Problem
    
    
    
    
  • 11. The Rise of the Communist Party
    • Vicissitudes of the First Decade
    • The Attractions of Communism
    • The Comintern’s Difficulties
    • The Rise of Mao Tse-tung
    • The Maoist Strategy
    • Yenan and Wartime Expansion
    • Organization of Popular Support
    • Wartime Ideological Development
    • The New Democracy
    • Liberation
    
    
    
    
  
  
  
  
• Part III: The United States and the People’s Republic
  • 12. Our Inherited China Policy
    • American Expansion and Britain’s Empire
    • America’s Role within Britain’s Informal Empire
    • The American Ambivalence about China
    • The Evolution of the Open Door
    • The Integrity of China
    • The Nature of the American Interest
    • America’s Contribution and the Fate of Liberalism
    
    
    
    
  • 13. United States Policy and the Nationalist Defeat
    • American Aid and Mediation
    • The Nationalist Debacle
    • The “Loss of China” in America
    • Our Ally Taiwan
    
    
    
    
  • 14. The People’s Republic: Establishing the New Order
    • Political Control
    • Coalition Government
    • The Party, Government, and Army Structures
    • The Mass Organizations
    • Law and Security
    • Economic Reconstruction
    • Land Reform
    • Social Reorganization
    • Thought Reform
    • Communism and Confucianism
    • Criticism, Literary and Political
    • The Korean War and Soviet Aid
    
    
    
    
  • 15. The Struggle for Socialist Transformation
    • Collectivization of Agriculture
    • The First Five-Year Plan
    • The Struggles with Intellectuals and with Cadres
    • China in the World Scene
    • The Great Leap Forward
    • The Communes
    
    
    
    
  • 16. The Second Revolution
    • Mao and His Opponents
    • The Two Approaches to China’s Revolution
    • The Sino–Soviet Split
    • The Growth of Bureaucratic Evils
    • Cadre Life
    • Mao Revives the Revolution: The Socialist Education
    • Movement
    • Repoliticizing the Army
    • The Cultural Revolution
    • The Aftermath
    • Mao Tse-tung’s Monument
    
    
    
    
  • 17. Perspectives: China and Ourselves
    • Our China Policy and the Wars in Korea and Vietnam
    • New Perspectives of the 1970s
    • China Today in the Light of Her Past
    • Echoes of the Dynastic Cycle
    • Processes of Modernization
    • Problems of the New Order
    
    
    
    
  
  
  
  
• Epilogue, 1983
• Suggested Reading
• 1983 Addenda to Suggested Reading
• Index to Suggested Reading
• General Index
• Credits for Illustrations