5 Steps to a 5: AP Chemistry 2023

by John Moore, Richard Langley

Overview

AP Teachers’ #1 Choice

Ready to succeed in your AP course and ace your exam? Our 5 Steps to a 5 guides explain the tough stuff, offer tons of practice and explanations, and help you make the most efficient use of your study time. 5 Steps to a 5: AP Chemistry is more than a review guide, it’s a system that has helped thousands of students walk into test day feeling prepared and confident.

Everything you Need for a 5:

• 3 full-length practice tests that align with the latest College Board requirements

• Hundreds of practice exercises with answer explanations

• Comprehensive overview of all test topics

• Proven strategies from seasoned AP educators

Study on the Go:

• All instructional content in digital format (for both computers and mobile devices)

• Interactive practice tests with answer explanations

• A self-guided study plan with daily goals, powerful analytics, flashcards, games, and more

A Great In-class Supplement:

• 5 Steps is an ideal companion to your main AP text

• Includes an AP Chemistry Teacher’s Manual that offers excellent guidance to educators for better use of the 5 Steps resources

Product Details

ISBN-13:	9781264481798
Publisher:	McGraw Hill LLC
Publication date:	08/15/2022
Pages:	544
Product dimensions:	8.40(w) x 10.70(h) x 1.10(d)

About the Author

John T. Moore, Ed.D., teaches chemistry at Stephen F. Austin State University in Austin, Texas. He is the author of numerous books on chemistry and. Has served as AP Chemistry reader and chemistry and physical science questions writer for the College Board for many years.

Richard Langley, Ph.D., teaches chemistry at Stephen F. Austin State University in Austin, Texas. He has been a grader for the AP Chemistry exams for over 20 years and is the author or co-author of several chemistry books and research papers.

McGraw-Hill authors represent the leading experts in their fields and are dedicated to improving the lives, careers, and interests of readers worldwide

Table of Contents

Preface xiii

Acknowledgments xiv

About the Authors xiv

Introduction: The Five-Step Program xv

Step 1 Set Up Your Study Program

1 What You Need to Know About the AP Chemistry Exam 3

Background of the Advanced Placement Program 3

Who Writes the AP Chemistry Exam? 4

The AP Grades and Who Receives Them 4

Reasons for Taking the AP Chemistry Exam 4

Questions Frequently Asked About the AP Chemistry Exam 5

2 How to Plan Your Time 11

Three Approaches to Preparing for the AP Chemistry Exam 11

Calendar for Each Plan 14

Step 2 Determine Your Test Readiness

3 Take a Diagnostic Exam 19

Getting Started: The Diagnostic Exam 20

AP Chemistry Final Practice Exam, Section I (Multiple Choice) 21

Answers and Explanations for Final Practice Exam, Section I (Multiple Choice) 34

AP Chemistry Final Practice Exam, Section II (Free Response) 41

Answers and Explanations for Final Practice Exam, Section II (Free Response) 47

Scoring and Interpretation 56

Step 3 Develop Strategies for Success

4 How to Approach Each Question Type 59

Multiple-Choice Questions 59

Free-Response Questions 62

Step 4 Review the Knowledge You Need to Score High

5 Basics 69

Units and Measurements 70

Dimensional Analysis-the Factor Label Method 71

The States of Matter 72

Phase Diagrams 72

The Structure of the Atom 74

Oxidation Numbers 82

Nomenclature Overview 83

Experiments 89

Common Mistakes to Avoid 89

Review Questions 90

Answers and Explanations 92

Free-Response Question 94

Answer and Explanation 94

Rapid Review 95

6 Stoichiometry 97

Moles and Molar Mass 98

Percent Composition and Empirical Formulas 98

Introduction to Reactions 100

Reaction Stoichiometry 100

Limiting Reactants 102

Percent Yield 103

Molarity and Solution Calculations 104

Experiments 104

Common Mistakes to Avoid 105

Review Questions 105

Answers and Explanations 108

Free-Response Question 112

Answer and Explanation 113

Rapid Review 114

7 Spectroscopy, Light, and Electrons 117

The Nature of Light 118

Spectroscopy and the Electromagnetic Spectrum 119

Beer-Lambert Law 120

Wave Properties of Matter 121

Atomic Spectra 121

Atomic Orbitals 122

Photoelectron (Photoemission) Spectroscopy (PES) 124

Experiments 124

Common Mistakes to Avoid 124

Review Questions 125

Answers and Explanations 127

Free-Response Question 128

Answer and Explanation 129

Rapid Review 130

8 Bonding 131

Lewis Electron-Dot Structures 132

Ionic and Covalent Bonding 132

Molecular Geometry-VSEPR 136

Valence Bond Theory 139

Molecular Orbital Theory 140

Resonance 142

Bond Length, Strength, and Magnetic Properties 143

Structure of Metals and Alloys 143

Experiments 145

Common Mistakes to Avoid 145

Review Questions 146

Answers and Explanations 148

Free-Response Question 149

Answer and Explanation 150

Rapid Review 151

9 Solids, Liquids, and Intermolecular Forces 153

Structures and Intermolecular Forces 154

The Liquid State 156

The Solid State 157

Relationship of Intermolecular Forces to Phase Changes 159

Potential Energy 160

Experiments 161

Common Mistakes to Avoid 161

Review Questions 161

Answers and Explanations 164

Free-Response Question 165

Answer and Explanation 166

Rapid Review 166

10 Gases 169

Kinetic Molecular Theory 170

Gas Law Relationships 171

Experiments 181

Common Mistakes to Avoid 183

Review Questions 184

Answers and Explanations 186

Free-Response Question 188

Answer and Explanation 189

Rapid Review 190

11 Solutions 191

Concentration Units 192

Electrolytes and Nonelectrolytes 194

Colligative Properties 195

Colloids 197

Composition of Mixtures 198

Separation of Solutions and Mixtures Chromatography 199

Experiments 200

Common Mistakes to Avoid 201

Review Questions 201

Answers and Explanations 204

Free-Response Questions 206

Answers and Explanations 207

Rapid Review 207

12 Reactions and Periodicity 209

AP Exam Format 210

General Aspects of Chemical Reactions and Equations 210

General Properties of Aqueous Solutions 212

Precipitation Reactions 213

Oxidation-Reduction Reactions 214

Coordination Compounds 218

Acid-Base Reactions 219

Experiments 223

Common Mistakes to Avoid 223

Review Questions 224

Answers and Explanations 226

Free-Response Question 228

Answer and Explanation 229

Rapid Review 229

13 Kinetics 231

How Reactions Occur-Collision Model 232

Rates of Reaction 233

Integrated Rate Laws 236

Reaction Energy Profile 238

Activation Energy 239

Reaction Mechanisms 239

Steady-State Approximation 240

Multistep Reaction Energy Profile 240

Catalysts 240

Experiments 242

Common Mistakes to Avoid 242

Review Questions 243

Answers and Explanations 246

Free-Response Question 248

Answer and Explanation 249

Rapid Review 250

14 Thermodynamics 253

Energy Diagrams 254

Heat Transfer and Thermal Equilibrium 254

Calorimetry 255

Energy of Phase Changes 257

Introduction to Enthalpy of Reaction 258

Bond Enthalpies 259

Laws of Thermodynamics 260

Hess's Law 260

Enthalpies of Formation 262

Thermodynamics and Equilibrium 265

Thermodynamic and Kinetic Control 265

Coupled Reactions 265

Experiments 266

Common Mistakes to Avoid 266

Review Questions 267

Answers and Explanations 270

Free-Response Question 272

Answer and Explanation 272

Rapid Review 273

15 Equilibrium 275

Equilibrium Expressions 277

Magnitude of the Equilibrium Constant 277

Properties of the Equilibrium Constant 278

Calculating Equilibrium Concentrations 279

Representations of Equilibrium 281

Le Châtelier's Principle 282

Solubility Equilibria 285

Common-Ion Effect 287

pH and Solubility 287

Free Energy of Dissolution 288

Other Equilibria 289

Experiments 289

Common Mistakes to Avoid 289

Review Questions 290

Answers and Explanations 292

Free-Response Question 295

Answer and Explanation 296

Rapid Review 298

16 Acids and Bases 299

Acid-Base Equilibrium 300

K_a-the Acid Dissociation Constant 302

K_w-the Water Dissociation Constant 303

Molecular Structure of Acids and Bases 304

pH 305

K_b-the Base Dissociation Constant 306

Acidic/Basic Properties of Salts 308

Buffers 309

Acid-Base Reactions and Buffers 311

Titration Equilibria 312

Experiments 317

Common Mistakes to Avoid 317

Review Questions 318

Answers and Explanations 321

Free-Response Question 323

Answer and Explanation 324

Rapid Review 324

17 Electrochemistry 327

Redox Reactions 328

Electrochemical Cells 328

Quantitative Aspects of Electrochemistry 335

Nernst Equation 336

Electrolysis and Faraday's Law 338

Experiments 338

Common Mistakes to Avoid 338

Review Questions 339

Answers and Explanations 342

Free-Response Question 344

Answer and Explanation 344

Rapid Review 345

Additional Review and Applications

18 Nuclear Chemistry 349

Nuclear Reactions 350

Natural Radioactive Decay Modes 350

Nuclear Stability 352

Nuclear Decay Calculations 352

Mass-Energy Relationships 353

Common Mistakes to Avoid 354

Review Questions 354

Answers and Explanations 356

Free-Response Question 356

Answer and Explanation 357

Rapid Review 358

19 Organic Chemistry 359

Hydrocarbons 360

Structural Isomerism 360

Common Functional Groups 361

Acid-Base Chemistry 361

Experiments 363

Common Mistakes to Avoid 364

Review Questions 364

Answers and Explanations 365

Free-Response Questions 366

Answers and Explanations 366

Rapid Review 368

20 Experimental Investigations 369

Experiment 1 Spectroscopy 370

Experiment 2 Spectrophotometry 373

Experiment 3 Gravimetric Analysis 374

Experiment 4 Titration 375

Experiment 5 Chromatography 377

Experiment 6 Determination of the Type of Bonding in Solid Samples 378

Experiment 7 Stoichiometry 378

Experiment 8 Redox Titration 379

Experiment 9 Chemical and Physical Changes 381

Experiment 10 Kinetics 381

Experiment 11 Rate Laws 382

Experiment 12 Calorimetry 383

Experiment 13 Chemical Equilibrium-Le Châteliers Principle 384

Experiment 14 Acid-Base Titrations 385

Experiment 15 Buffer pH 385

Experiment 16 The Capacity of a Buffer 386

Common Mistakes to Avoid 387

Review Questions 387

Answers and Explanations 391

Free-Response Questions 394

Answers and Explanations 397

Rapid Review 401

Step 5 Build Your Test-Taking Confidence

AP Chemistry Practice Exam 1 405

AP Chemistry Practice Exam 1, Section I (Multiple Choice) 407

Answers and Explanations for Exam 1, Section I (Multiple Choice) 420

AP Chemistry Practice Exam 1, Section II (Free Response) 426

Answers and Explanations for Exam 1, Section II (Free Response) 432

AP Chemistry Practice Exam 2 439

AP Chemistry Practice Exam 2, Section I (Multiple Choice) 441

Answers and Explanations for Exam 2, Section I (Multiple Choice) 453

AP Chemistry Practice Exam 2, Section II (Free Response) 459

Answers and Explanations for Exam 2, Section II (Free Response) 463

Appendixes

Pre-AP Diagnostic Exam 473

SI Units 493

Balancing Redox Equations Using the Ion-Electron Method 495

Common Ions 499

Bibliography 502

Websites 502

Glossary 503

Avoiding "Stupid" Mistakes on the Free-Response Section 512

Exam Resources 515