A History of Modern Europe / Edition 4

by John Merriman Ph.D.

Overview

The leading text, beloved for authoritative coverage and narrative flair

Product Details

ISBN-13:	9780393667370
Publisher:	Norton, W. W. & Company, Inc.
Publication date:	02/15/2019
Edition description:	Fourth Edition
Pages:	616
Product dimensions:	6.20(w) x 9.30(h) x 0.90(d)

About the Author

John Merriman is the Charles Seymour Professor of History at Yale University. A specialist in nineteenth century French history, Merriman earned his Ph. D at the University of Michigan. He is the author of many books, including The Margins of City Life: Explorations on the French Urban Frontier, 1815–1851; Red City: Limoges and the French Nineteenth Century; The Agony of the Republic: The Repression of the Left in Revolutionary France, 1848–1851; and, most recently, The Stones of Balazuc: A French Village in Time (Norton, 2002). He regularly teaches the survey of modern European history at Yale.

Table of Contents

List of Maps xv

Preface xix

Acknowledgments xxv

Part 1 Foundations

1 Medieval Legacies and Transforming Discoveries 4

Medieval Continiuties 6

The Fragmentation of Europe

At the Crossroads of Cultures

The Structure of Society

Feudalism

A Subsistence Economy

Religion and Popular Culture

The Emergence of Early Modern Europe 19

A Rising Population

An Expanding Economy

The Growth of Towns

Municipal Liberties

The Emergence of Sovereign States

Developing State Structures

Limits to State Authority

Transforming Discoveries 32

Gunpowder, warfare, and Armies

The Printing Press and the Power of the Printed Word

Exploration and Conquest in the New World: The Origins of European Empire

Conclusion 43

2 The Renaissance 46

The City-States of the Italian Peninsula 47

Thriving Economies

Social Structure

Renaissance Political Life

Florence: Anatomy of a Renaissance City

A Dynamic Culture 57

The Rediscovery of Classical Learning

From Scholasticism to Humanism

The Renaissance and Religion

The Renaissance Man and Woman

Renaissance Art 63

Architecture

Patronage and the Arts

Renaissance Artists

Painting and Sculpture

High Renaissance Style

The End of the Renaissance 73

Foreign Invasion

Economic Decline

Machiavelli

The Decline of the City-States

Impulses Elsewhere

3 The Two Reformations 84

The Northern Renaissance 86

Northern Art and Humanism

Erasmus's Humanistic Critique of the Church

The Roots of the Reformation 89

The Great Schism (1378-1417)

Heretical and Spiritual Movements

The Challenge of Conciliarism to Papal Authority

Clerical Abuses and Indulgences

Martin Luther

Social Background of the Reformation in the German States 99

Urban Centers of Reform

The Process of Reform

The Peasants' Revolt

The Spread of the Reformation 102

Divisions within Christendom

Charles V and the Protestants

The Peace of Augsburg

The Reformation in Switzerland and France 105

Zwingli and Reform

Radical Reformers

Jean Calvin and Reform

Calvinist Conversions

The English Reformation 113

Henry VIII and the Break with Rome

After the Break with Rome

The Catholic Reformation 116

Retreat to Dogmatism

Ignatius of Loyola and the Jesuits

The Council of Trent

Putting Its House in Order

Culture during the Two Reformations 119

Print Culture

Lay Education and Reading

Popular Rituals and Festivals

The Role of Women in the Reformation

The Baroque Style

The Legacy of the Two Reformations 125

4 The Wars of Religion 130

The Wars of Religion in Sixteenth-Century France 131

A Strengthened French Monarchy

Economic Crisis

French Calvinists and the Crisis of the French State

Henry of Navarre

Statemaking

Louis XIII and the Origins of Absolute Rule

The Thirty Years' War (1618-1648) 150

Factionalism in the Holy Roman Empire

The Origins of the Thirty Years' War

Conflict in Bohemia

The Expansion of the Conflict

The Danish Period

The Swedish Interlude

The Armies of the Thirty Years' War

The Wars of Religion and Dynastic Struggles (1635-1648)

The Treaty of Westphalia (1648)

Part 2 Statemaking

5 The Rise of the Atlantic Economy: Spain and England 170

Economic Expansion 171

Increased Agricultural Productivity

Expansion of Trade

The Global Economy

Price Revolution and Depression

The Rise of Spain 176

Centralization and the Spanish Monarchy

The Spanish Economy

The Expansion of the Spanish Empire

The Age of Philip II

The Rise of England 185

The House of Tudor

Religious Settlement and Conflict under Elizabeth I

Elizabeth's Statemaking

Demographic and Economic Expansion

English Society in the Tudor Period

The Quest for Public Order

The Elizabethan Theater

An Emerging Empire of Trade

The Decline of Spain 203

The Dutch Revolt

Spanish Economic Decline

An Empire Spread Too Thin

Conclusion 211

6 England and the Dutch Republic in the Seventeenth Century 214

Conflicts in Stuart England 215

Conflicts between James I and Parliament Religious Divisions 217

Charles I and Parliament Clash

The English Civil War 221

Moving toward Conflict

Taking Sides

Oliver Cromwell and the New Model Army

Divisions within Parliament

Radicals

Parliament's Victory

The Puritan Republic and Restoration

The Glorious Revolution 233

Stuart Religious Designs

The "Protestant Wind"

The Bill of Rights

The Golden Age of the Dutch Republic 238

The Structure of the Dutch State

Expanding Economy

Tolerance and Prosperity

Seventeenth-Century Dutch Culture

The Decline of the Dutch Republic 247

Conclusion 249

7 The Age of Absolutism, 1650-1720 252

Characterizing Absolute Rule 255

Monarchs and Nobles

Expanding State Structures

Absolutism and Warfare

Absolutism and Religion

Monumentalism in Architecture and Art

Absolutism in France

The Fronde: Taming "Overmighty Subjects"

Mercantilism under Louis XIV

The Absolute Louis XIV

Louis XIV at Versailles

Louis XIV's Persecution of Religious Minorities

The Limits of French Absolutism

The Balance of Power 270

The Origins of International Law

The Habsburg Monarchy in Early Modern Europe 271

The Rise of Prussia in Early Modern Europe 275

The Russian and Swedish Empires 278

The Expansion of Muscovy

Peter the Great Turns Westward

A Rival Swedish Empire

The Commonwealth of Poland-Lithuania 289

Louis XIV's Dynastic Wars 289

The Modern State 293

Part 3 New Cultural and Political Horizons

8 The New Philosophy of Science 298

Changing Views of the Universe 299

Ancient and Medieval Science

Copernicus Challenges the Aristotelian View of the Universe

The Universal Laws of the Human Body

Brahe and Kepler Explore the Heavens

Francis Bacon and the Scientific Method

Galileo and Science on Trial Descartes and Newton: Competing Theories of Scientific

Knowledge 309

Descartes and Deductive Reasoning

The Newtonian Synthesis

The Culture of Science 312

The Diffusion of the Scientific Method

Women and the Emerging Culture of Science

Academies of Science

The Uses of Science

Science and Religion

Consequences of the Scientific Revolution 322

9 Enlightened Thought and the Republic of Letters 326

Enlightened Ideas 327

Intellectual Influences on Enlightened Thought

The Republic of Ideas

Montesquieu

Voltaire

Diderot

Rousseau

The Diffusion and Expansion of the Enlightenment 337

Religious Enthusiasm and Skepticism about Religion

Expansion of the Cultural Base

The Arts

Music

The Dissemination of Enlightened Ideas

Enlightened Absolutism 347

Reform of Jurisprudence

Educational Reform

Religious Toleration

Frederick the Great

Rural Reforms Currents of the Late Enlightenment 355

Enlightened Thought and Economic Freedom

German Idealism

The Enlightenment and Public Opinion

Forbidden Publications and the Undermining of Authority

Legacy of the Enlightenment 359

10 Eighteenth-Century Economic and Social Change 362

The Social Order 363

Nobles

The British Landed Elite

The Clergy

The "Middling Sort"

Peasants

The Beginnings of the Industrial Revolution 373

Stagnation and Growth in Agriculture

Population Growth

Manufacturing: Guilds and Domestic Industry

Inventions

Expanding British Economy

Expanding Continental Economies

Social Changes 388

The Growth of Towns and Cities

Social Movement within the Elite

The Changing Condition of the Poor

Social Control 394

Protecting Property in Britain

Subordination and Social Control

A Century of Contrasts 396

11 Eighteenth-Century Dynastic Rivalries and Politics 400

The Eighteenth-Century State System 402

Global Rivalries

The Hanoverians and the Stuarts in Great Britain

The Prussian-Austrian Dynastic Rivalry in Central Europe

Conflicts between the Great Powers 408

The War of the Austrian Succession

The Seven Years' War

Armies and Their Tactics in the Eighteenth Century

Navies

Political Change in Great Britain 418

Expanding central Government in Britain

The Role of the House of Commons

The Development of Party Politics in the 1760s: Whigs and Tories

The Rise of British Nationalism Challenges to Established Authority 425

British Radicals

American Revolutionaries

The Parlements and the French Monarchy

Other Movements for Reform

Declining Power, Disappearing State: The Ottoman Empire and Poland 438

The Decline of Ottoman Turkish Power in Europe

The Partitions of Poland Conclusion 444

Part 4 Revolutionary Europe, 1789-1850

12 The French Revolution 451

The Old Regime in Crisis 452

Long-Term Causes of the French Revolution

The Financial Crisis

The Revolution Begins 457

Convoking the Estates-General

Storming of the Bastille

The Great Fear and the Night of August 4

Consolidating the Revolution 464

The Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen

"The Baker, the Baker's Wife, and the Baker's Little Boy"

Reforming the Church and Clergy

The Reforms of 1791

Resistance and Revolution

The Flight to Varennes

War and the Second Revolution 474

Reactions to the French Revolution in Europe

A Second Revolution

Counter-Revolution

The Terror The Final Stages of the Revolution 487

Thermidor

The Directory: Politics and Society

Instability

The Eighteenth Brumaire Perspectives on the French Revolution 492

European Responses to the Revolution

13 Napoleon and Europe 496

Napoleon's Rise to Power 497

The Young Bonaparte

Napoleon and the Revolution

Consolidation of Power 501

Establishment of the Consulate

The Concordat

Napoleon's Leadership

Wars of Conquest and Empire

The Corsican Warrior

The Foundations of the French Empire 512

Institutional Foundations: Imperial Centralization

Legal Foundations: The Napoleonic Code

Social Foundations: The Imperial Hierarchy

The Tide Turns against Napoleon 515

The Continental System

The Peninsular War

Stirrings of Nationalism in Napoleonic Europe

Military Reforms in Prussia and Austria

The Empire's Decline and the Russian Invasion

The Defeat of Napoleon

Monarchical Restoration and Napoleon's Return 525

The Bourbon Restoration

The 100 Days

Napoleon's Legacy 527

Further Readings A1

Credits A17

Index A21