Table of Contents
Introduction 4
Chapter 1 Mesopotamia and Egypt 9
Mesopotamia 9
Egypt 13
From Saqqara to the Great Pyramid 14
Thebes 15
Karnak and Luxor 16
The Ptolemaic period 17
Chapter 2 The Classical Foundation: Greek, Hellenistic, Roman 19
The Bronze Age Heritage 19
Mycenae 20
Hellenic culture 23
Archaic temples c.600-480 BC 25
The rise of Ionic 31
The classic phase: 480-400 BC
The Hellenistic Background 41
Mainland Greece in the fourth century BC and the development of the Corinthian order 41
Asia Minor in the fourth and third centuries BC 45
The second century BC: sacred and secular buildings 47
Town planning 49
The Greek agora 49
Domestic architecture 54
The Rise of Rome 57
Republican architecture 60
Fora, basilicas and temples: the Roman synthesis 64
Triumphal arches 69
Palaces, villas and the new architecture of concrete 70
Other buildings commissioned by Hadrian 75
Baths 80
Town Planning 82
Constantine and the adoption of Christianity 87
Chapter 3 Early Christian and Byzantine 89
Rome 89
Constantinople, Saloitica and Ravenna 92
Hagia Sophia 94
Other sixth-century churches in Constantinople and Ravenna 97
Later Byzantine architecture 99
Russia 101
S Marco, Venice 103
Sicily and France 105
Chapter 4 Carolingian and Romanesque 107
The rise of monasticism 107
The Carolingian Renaissance 107
Britain and Spain from the ninth to the early eleventh centuries 112
Britain 112
Spain 114
Ottonian architecture and its influence 116
France in the tenth and early eleventh centuries 122
Normandy and England in the eleventh and twelfth centuries 126
The pilgrimage churches of France and Spain 134
Cluny III and the provincial schools of French Romanesque 136
Spain in the eleventh and twelfth centuries 141
Italy 144
Lombardy 144
Tuscany 146
Chapter 5 The Gothic Experiment 149
France 150
'The new light': Abbot Suger and the origins of Gothic 150
Other cathedrals in the Ile de France: Sens, Noyon, Laon and Paris 151
Chartres 154
High Gothic: Reims, Amiens, Beauvais and Bourges 156
The Court Style and Rayonnant Gothic 160
Hall churches 162
The Flamboyant style 164
Secular buildings in medieval France 165
England 168
Canterbury and its impact 168
Lincoln And its impact 171
Westminster Abbey 173
The impact of Westminster and the origins of the Decorated style 174
The Decorated style at Wells, Bristol and Fly 175
St Stephen's Chapel and the origins of Perpendicular 177
The Perpendicular at Gloucester 178
Late Perpendicular and the fan vault 179
Parish churches and secular architecture 180
Oxford and Cambridge colleges 184
Germany and Central Europe, Belgium, Italy, Spain, Portugal 185
Cologne, Prague and the Parler dynasty 185
German late Gothic 189
Ried and Bohemia 191
Secular architecture in Germany and Bohemia 193
Belgium 193
Early Gothic in Italy 194
Florence and Milan Cathedrals 196
Italian secular architecture 198
Gothic in Spain in the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries 201
Juan Guas and the Isabelline style 203
Secular architecture in Spain 204
Gothic in Portugal 205
Town Planning 207
The rise of civic identity 207
Building regulations 208
The response to Roman monuments and to landscape 208
New towns 209
Chapter 6 Renaissance Harmony 211
The Birth of the Renaissance 211
Florence and Brunelleschi 211
Alberti 215
Palaces and town planning in Pienza, Urbino and Florence 218
Filarele and Leonardo 221
High Renaissance 223
Rome: Bramante 223
St Peter's from Bramante to Maderno 225
Raphael, Peruzzi and Antonio da Sangallo the Younger 227
Divergencies in Mantua: Giulio Romano 230
Michelangelo 232
High Renaissance in Verona and Venice: Sanmicheli and Sansovino 237
Vignola and the origins of Baroque 239
Palladio and the High Renaissance harmony 243
The Renaissance Outside Italy 251
France under François I 251
The establishment of French classicism: Lescot, de l'Orme and Bullant 256
The developments of classicism by de Brosse, Lemercier and Mansart 260
Spain 262
Germany 266
Eastern Europe 269
Netherlands 271
England and the growth of the 'prodigy house' 273
Inigo Jones and the High Renaissance clarity 277
Town Planning 279
Ideal towns 279
The monumental street 280
Town planning in Spain and France 281
Chapter 7 Baroque Expansion 283
Italy 283
The creation of Baroque: Bernini 283
An Individual voice: Borromini 286
Pietro da Cortona 291
Contrasting currents in late-Baroque Rome 295
Piedmont: Gnarini, Juvarra and Vittone 299
Genoa, Milan, Bologna and Venice 306
Naples and Sicily 309
Baroque Outside Italy 314
France 314
Versailles 317
French Roccco 321
Austria and Germany 323
Fischer von Erlach 323
Hildebrandr 325
Prandtauer 326
Neumann and Asam 328
German Rococo 332
England 335
Wren 335
Talman, Vanbrugh, Hawksmoor 344
Archer and Gibbs 352
Spain 354
Portugal 359
Town Planning 362
The contribution of Rome 362
Versailles and its influence 364
Vauban and the fortified town 365
The Place Rayale 365
Christopher Wren's plan for London 366
Building regulations: the role of conformity 366
Chapter 8 Eighteenth-century Classicism 369
The Impact of Rome 369
Piranesi 369
The origins of the Picturesque 373
Lord Burlington and William Kent 373
Robert Adam 377
Chambers and Wyatt 382
Dance and Soane 387
The Rise of Neo-Classicism in France 391
Soufflot and Ste-Geneviève 395
Peyre and Wailly 400
Lcdoux and the Picturesque 406
The Classical Tradition Elsewhere in Europe 410
Italy 410
Germany 412
Poland 417
Scandinavia 419
Russia 421
The Rise of Classicism in the USA 424
Thomas Jefferson 427
Bulfinch and Latrohe 430
Town Planning 434
The contribution of the French Enlightenment 434
Theory and practice in London 435
Bath, Dublin, Edinburgh 435
St Petersburg and Lisbon 437
North America 437
Chapter 9 The Nineteenth Century 439
France 439
The rational tradition from Percier and Fontaine to Viollet-le-Duc 439
From the Second Empire to the Paris Exposition of 1900 452
Britain 459
Regency and Early Victorian 459
Shaw and the Late Victorian 472
Germany, Austria and Italy 477
Schinkel and Klenze 477
Gärtner and Semper in Munich and Vienna 486
Italy 490
SCandinavia, Russia and Greece 497
Scandinavia and Finland 497
Poland and Russia 500
Greece 505
Belgium and Holland 509
USA 512
Greek and Gothic to the mid-century 512
New theories and new directions from Hunt to Richardson 516
Sullivan and the origin of the skyscraper 523
McKim, Mead and White and the return to classicism 525
Town Planning 530
The eighteenth-century legacy 530
Model industrial towns 531
United States of America 533
Developments in Europe 535
Chapter 10 Art Nouveau 537
Belgium and France 537
Scotland and England 543
Germany, Austria and Italy 546
Spain 556
Chapter 11 The Twentieth Century 565
USA up to 1939 565
Frank Lloyd Wright 565
Buildings in traditional styles 575
The skyscraper 579
Europe up to 1939 582
Early twentieth-century Berlin: Messel and Behrens 582
The rise of Expressionism and the work of Poelzig 586
Other Expressionist architects in Germany and Holland 590
Gropius and the Bauhaus 593
From Adolf Loos lo the International Modern Style 596
The classical tradition in inter-war Germany, Czechoslovakia and Slovenia 599
Early twentieth-century France and the Louis Seize Revival 601
Perret, Garnier and Sauvage 602
Le Corbusier 608
French architecture in traditional styles between the wars 613
Scandinavia and Finland 615
Futurism, classicism and Rationalism in Italy 624
Lutyens, the conservative genius 632
Traditionalism and modernism in Britain 641
Modernism and traditionalism in the USSR 645
Modernism After 1945 648
Post-Modernism 660
Architecture for the Millennium 668
The environment 671
Architecture and meaning 672
Computers, icons and 'siarchitects' 675
Town Planning 676
The Garden City 676
The City Beautiful 677
Modern urban planning 678
New uibanism 680
Urban regeneration 682
Rebuilding Berlin 683
Chapter 12 The Twenty-first Century 687
Architecture in a Globalized Age 687
Contextual 690
Reuse and retrofit 695
Sustainable 700
Modernistic 703
Icons, diagrams and super-formalism 708
Hybrids, co-design and multiform 717
Urban planning and the digital 723
Architecture After Style 728
Glossary 731
For Further Reading 734
Acknowledgements 739
Index 740
