A Water Quality Assessment of the Former Soviet Union

by Vitaly Kimstach (Editor), Michel Meybeck (Editor), Ellysar Baroudy (Editor)

Overview

A Water Quality Assessment of the Former Soviet Union focuses on water quality issues using examples from around the former Soviet Union. It covers the background to the natural water resources and composition of surface and ground waters in the former Soviet Union and then proceeds to examine the influence of human activity on those resources and water quality systems.
With more than one hundred line illustrations and tables, the long-term detailed case studies of the Lower Don Basin, the Amu Darya river, the Rybinsk reservoir, the Dnieper river, Lakes Baikal and Ladoga, and water resources in Moscow and the Moscow region, this will enable valuable lessons in environmental management to be learnt.
A Water Quality Assessment of the Former Soviet Union is a valuable source of up-to-date information and case studies for the professional in government, national and international organisations, and water utilities. It will be a useful reference in research institutes and university libraries.

Product Details

ISBN-13:	9780367865931
Publisher:	CRC Press
Publication date:	12/12/2019
Pages:	640
Product dimensions:	6.12(w) x 9.19(h) x (d)
Age Range:	Up to 18 Years

About the Author

Vitaly Kimstach, Arctic Monitoring and Assessment Programme in Oslo, Norway

Michel Meybeck, Laboratory of Applied Geology, University of Paris IV Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris

Ellysar Baroudy, Monitoring and Assessment Research Centre (MARC), King's College London

Table of Contents

Foreword xi

Acknowledgements xv

Chapter 1 Natural Water Resources 1

1.1 Landscape 1

1.2 Geological structure 3

1.3 Climate 4

1.4 Main characteristics of water bodies 5

1.5 Water resources 9

1.6 Water balance 16

1.7 Characteristics of river water regimes 18

1.8 Suspended matter 21

1.9 References 23

Appendix 1 24

Chapter 2 Natural Composition of Surface Water and Groundwaters 25

2.1 Rivers 25

2.2 Lakes 46

2.3 Groundwater 49

2.4 References 56

Appendix 2 61

Chapter 3 Water use and the Influence of Anthropogenic Activity 69

3.1 Water use and its influence on water balance 69

3.2 Sources of pollution 72

3.3 Pollution of groundwater 84

3.4 Wastewater treatment 87

3.5 Water legislation 89

3.6 References 92

Chapter 4 Water Quality Monitoring Systems 95

4.1 General description 96

4.2 Surface water quality 98

4.3 Monitoring groundwaters 106

4.4 Monitoring pollution sources 109

4.5 Advantages and disadvantages 110

4.6 References 111

Chapter 5 Salinisation 113

5.1 Main sources of salinisation of surface waters 113

5.2 General salinisation trends in surface water 128

5.3 The impact of irrigation on groundwater quality 130

5.4 References 133

Chapter 6 Eutrophication of Lakes and Reservoirs 137

6.1 The study of eutrophication 137

6.2 Origins of lake eutrophication 139

6.3 Biological indicators of anthropogenic eutrophication 146

6.4 Rate of eutrophication 153

6.5 Consequences of eutrophication 157

6.6 References 159

Chapter 7 Groundwater Contamination by Nitrogen and Phosphorus Compounds 165

7.1 Occurrence and control of nitrogen compounds 166

7.2 Intensity of pollution with nitrogen compounds 166

7.3 Spatial distribution of nitrogen 172

7.4 Vertical variation of nitrogen compounds 175

7.5 Phosphorus 175

7.6 Conclusions 177

7.7 References 177

Chapter 8 Heavy Metals, Natural Variability and Anthropogenic Impacts 179

8.1 Methods of sampling, sample preparation and analysis 179

8.2 Trends in river and lake waters and bottom sediments 180

8.3 Natural geographic variability in freshwater bodies and wetlands 183

8.4 Water bodies exposed to extreme anthropogenic pollution 189

8.5 Heavy metals in the aquatic food web 194

8.6 Heavy metal trends in freshwater biota 194

8.7 References 198

Appendix 8 201

Chapter 9 Organic Pollutants 211

9.1 Chemical and biochemical oxygen demand 212

9.2 Petroleum products 217

9.3 Synthetic surfactants 218

9.4 Phenols 218

9.5 Pesticides 220

9.6 Specific pollutants 226

9.7 Background contamination of surface waters and bottom sediments 228

9.8 Case studies of organic pollution in selected water bodies 228

9.9 References 237

Appendix 9 241

Chapter 10 Microbial Pollution 267

10.1 Microbiological indicators of water quality 267

10.2 Microbial pollution of surface waters 272

10.3 Microbial pollution of drinking water 277

10.4 Seasonal dynamics of microbial water pollution 278

10.5 Assessment of the epidemic potential of polluted water 281

10.6 Assessment of combined effects of microbial and chemical pollution on human health 281

10.7 Methods for the protection of water sources from microbial pollution 282

10.8 References 283

Appendix 10 286

Chapter 11 Acidification 293

11.1 Acidity of atmospheric precipitation 294

11.2 Natural acidity of surface waters 297

11.3 Lake water acidification 299

11.4 Sources and effects of acidification on Karelia and Kola Peninsula lakes 300

11.5 River water acidification 304

113.6 Conclusion 307

References 308

Chapter 12 River Fluxes 311

12.1 Water discharge and flux of suspended matter 312

12.2 Transport of major ions and silicon 317

12.3 Fluxes of organic matter and nutrients 330

12.4 Transport of metal trace elements 338

12.5 Transport of some organic micropollutants 339

12.6 Conclusions 340

12.7 References 345

Chapter 13 Hydrobiological Assessment 351

13.1 Classification of the environmental state of water bodies and criteria applied 351

13.2 Ecological state of water bodies in various hydrographic regions 353

13.3 Permissible ecological state of water bodies 372

13.4 References 372

Chapter 14 The Lower Don Basin 375

14.1 Principal physico-geographic characteristics 375

14.2 Use of water resources and problems of water quality management 379

14.3 Surface water quality monitoring 383

14.4 Surface water quality 384

14.5 Characteristics of aquatic biota 396

14.6 The impact of pollution on the fisheries resources 398

14.7 Microbiological regime 402

14.8 Groundwater issues (within the Rostov Region) 403

14.9 Conclusion 410

14.10 References 411

Chapter 15 The AMU Darya 413

15.1 River regime 413

15.2 The Aral Sea 415

15.3 Water use 416

15.4 Sources of pollution 418

15.5 Characteristics of pollution and the influence of different factors on water quality 419

15.6 Conclusion 431

15.7 References 431

Chapter 16 Rybinsk Reservoir on the Volga River 435

16.1 Characteristics of the reservoir and its basin 435

16.2 Water use 440

16.3 Sources of pollution 441

16.4 Factors influencing water quality 442

16.5 Conclusion and future requirements 453

16.6 References 454

Chapter 17 Dnieper and its Cascade of Reservoirs 457

17.1 The Dnieper basin 457

17.2 Dnieper reservoir cascade 460

17.3 Factors influencing water quality 462

17.4 Water quality assessment 468

17.5 Conclusion 478

17.6 References 479

Chapter 18 Lake Baikal 481

18.1 Lake Baikal and its region 481

18.2 Water balance 486

18.3 Hydrochemistry 487

18.4 Hydrobiology 492

18.5 Lake pollution sources 498

18.6 Chemical balance 500

18.7 Review of anthropogenic impacts on the lake 501

18.8 Biological invasions 507

18.9 Conclusions 508

18.10 References 509

Chapter 19 Lake Ladoga 513

19.1 Physico-geographical characteristics 513

19.2 Water use 515

19.3 Pollution sources 517

19.4 Structural changes in the lake ecosystem 519

19.5 Management of Lake Ladoga 526

19.6 References 527

Chapter 20 Water Resources of the Moscow Region 529

20.1 Hydrological features of the region 529

20.2 Water use in the region 535

20.3 Quality of water resources 536

20.4 Problems related to drinking water supply 544

20.5 References 547

Appendix 20 551

General Appendices 559

Index 571