An Introduction to Passive Radar, Second Edition

by Hugh D Griffiths, Christopher J Baker

Overview

This bestselling book-now in its second edition-introduces the bask principles of passive radar technology and provides a comprehensive overview of the recent developments and advances in this field. It shows you how passive radar works, how it differs from the active type, and helps you understand the benefits and drawbacks of this novel technology. Beginning with the history of passive radar development, the book takes you through the principles of operation and the properties of different illuminators of opportunity. Special attention is devoted to signal and data processing fundamentals including correlation reception, direct signal cancelation, bistatic detection, target localization and tracking. Practical aspects are also discussed, and selected demonstrators and existing systems are reviewed. The book gives you the knowledge you need to get a full understanding of this fascinating technology. You'll learn about the properties of transmissions that can be used as the basis of passive radar; understand the configurations and calculate the achievable performance of passive radar systems; know the signal processing techniques that are used to suppress direct signals and for detection and tracking; become familiar with the range and performance of passive radar systems that have been built and demonstrated worldwide; and get the foundational knowledge to appreciate the future possibilities and potential of passive radar. All chapters have been fully revised and updated and are written in a clear and accessible style. New chapters have been added to cover advances in the technology that have already been built and demonstrated, including systems on moving platforms (aircraft and UAVs), as well as advances in types of transmission-notably single-frequency broadcast transmissions, and 5G-and in processing techniques.

Product Details

ISBN-13:	9781630818401
Publisher:	Artech House, Incorporated
Publication date:	04/10/2022
Edition description:	2nd ed.
Product dimensions:	6.14(w) x 9.21(h) x 0.71(d)

About the Author

Hugh D. Griffiths holds the THALES/Royal Academy Chair of RF Sensors at University College London, UK. Professor Griffiths was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society in 2021. He is a Fellow of the IET and IEEE and was elected to Fellowship of the Royal Academy of Engineering in 1997.

Christopher J. Baker is chief technology officer with Aveillant Ltd. in Cambridge, UK. Previously he was the Ohio Research Scholar in Integrated Sensor Systems at Ohio State University. He received his PhD and BSc in applied physics from the University of Hull, UK.

Table of Contents

Foreword 9

Preface 13

1 Introduction 15

1.1 Terminology 15

1.2 History 18

1.3 Approach and Scope 25

References 27

2 Principles of Passive Radar 31

2.1 Introduction 31

2.2 Bistatic and Multistage Geometry 32

2.2.1 Coverage 35

2.2.2 Direct Signal Suppression 36

2.3 Bistatic Range and Doppler 37

2.3.1 Range Measurement 37

2.3.2 Range Resolution 38

2.3.3 Doppler Measurement 41

2.3.4 Doppler Resolution 41

2.4 Multistage Passive Radar Range and Doppler 43

2.5 Multistatic Target Location 46

2.6 The Bistatic Radar Range Equation 47

2.7 Bistatic Target and Clutter Signatures 51

2.8 Summary 57

References 58

3 Properties of Illuminators 59

3.1 Ambiguity Functions 59

3.1.1 The Ambiguity Function in Bistatic Radar 60

3.1.2 Bandwidth Extension with FM Radio Signals 63

3.2 Digital versus Analog 65

3.2.1 Analog Television Signals 65

3.2.2 Mismatched Filtering 67

3.3 Digitally Coded Waveforms 68

3.3.1 OFDM 68

3.3.2 GSM 70

3.3.3 Long Term Evolution (LTE) 72

3.3.4 Terrestrial Digital Television (DVB-T) 74

3.3.5 5G 78

3.3.6 Wi-Fi and WiMAX 79

3.3.7 Digital Radio Mondiale (DRM) 80

3.4 Vertical-Plane Coverage 81

3.5 Satellite-Borne Illuminators 83

3.5.1 Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) 84

3.5.2 Satellite TV 85

3.5.3 INMARSAT 86

3.5.4 IRIDIUM 87

3.5.5 STARLINK 87

3.5.6 LEO Radar Remote-Sensing Satellites 88

3.6 Radar Illuminators 89

3.7 Summary 92

References 93

4 Passive Radar and Single-Frequency Networks 99

4.1 SFNs 100

4.2 SFN Structures 104

4.3 SFN Passive Radar 106

4.3.1 SFN Direct Signal Interference Removal 113

4.3.2 Target Ambiguity Removal 114

4.4 Summary 123

References 124

5 Direct Signal Suppression 127

5.1 Introduction 127

5.2 DSI Power Levels 129

5.3 Direct Signal Suppression 132

5.4 Summary 140

References 141

6 Passive Radar Performance Prediction 143

6.1 Introduction 143

6.2 Detection Performance Prediction Parameters 144

6.3 Detection Performance Prediction 150

6.4 Comparing Predicted and Experimental Detection Performance 156

6.5 Target Location 157

6.6 Advanced Passive Radar Performance Prediction 157

6.7 Summary 158

References 159

7 Detection and Tracking 161

7.1 Introduction 161

7.2 CFAR Detection 162

7.3 Target Location Estimation 163

7.3.1 Iso-Range Ellipses 163

7.3.2 Time Difference of Arrival (TDOA) 166

7.3.3 Range-Doppler Plots 167

7.4 Track Filtering 168

7.4.1 The Kalman Filter 169

7.4.2 Probability Hypothesis Density (PHD) Tracking 171

7.4.3 Multireceiver Passive Tracking 172

7.5 Summary 174

References 175

8 Passive Radar from Moving Platforms 177

8.1 Introduction 177

8.2 Moving Target Detection 178

8.2.1 Cochannel Interference 178

8.2.2 Suppression of Clutter 179

8.2.3 Multichannel Calibration 181

8.3 Passive Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) 182

8.3.1 Configurations and Resolution 182

8.3.2 Motion Compensation 183

8.3.3 Properties of Bistatic SAR Images 184

8.3.4 Passive SAR Imaging Using Terrestrial Digital Video Broadcast TV Transmissions 185

8.4 Multistatic Imaging Using Satellite Navigation Illuminators 189

8.5 Summary 192

References 192

9 Examples of Systems and Results 195

9.1 Introduction 195

9.2 Analog TV 195

9.3 FM Radio 196

9.3.1 Silent Sentry 196

9.3.2 The Manastash Ridge Radar (MRR) 197

9.3.3 More Recent Experiments Using FM Radio Illuminators 199

9.3.4 Monitoring of Square Kilometer Array (SKA) Airspace 200

9.3.5 Summary 200

9.4 Cell Phone Base Stations 201

9.5 DVB-T and DAB 204

9.6 Passive Radar from Moving Platforms 209

9.7 HF Skywave Transmissions 211

9.8 Indoor/Wi-Fi 213

9.9 Satellite-Borne Illuminators 216

9.9.1 Early Experiments Using GPS and Forward Scatter 216

9.9.2 Geostationary Satellites 217

9.9.3 Bistatic SAR 217

9.9.4 Bistatic ISAR 218

9.9.5 Summary 219

9.10 Low-Cost Scientific Remote Sensing 219

9.10.1 Ocean Scatterometry Using GNSS Signals 221

9.10.2 Terrestrial Bistatic Weather Radar 221

9.10.3 Planetary Radar Remote Sensing 222

9.11 Summary 223

References 224

10 Future Developments and Applications 229

10.1 Introduction 229

10.2 The Spectrum Problem and Commensal Radar 229

10.2.1 The Spectrum Problem 229

10.2.2 Commensal Radar 230

10.3 Passive Radar in Air Traffic Management 231

10.4 Target Recognition and Passive Radar 233

10.5 Countermeasures Against Passive Radar 236

10.5.1 Countermeasures 236

10.5.2 Bistatic Denial 238

10.6 Eldercare and Assisted Living 238

10.7 Low-Cost Passive Radar 238

10.8 Low-Cost Remote Sensing 241

10.9 The Intelligent Adaptive Radar Network 243

10.10 Conclusions 244

References 244

Bibliography 247

About the Authors 251

Index 253