Table of Contents
Preface v
1 The analog world and semiconductors 1
1.1 Introduction 1
1.1.1 Definition of analog signals 1
1.1.2 The existence of analog signals 2
1.1.3 Analog vs. digital 3
1.1.4 A brief history of analog devices 4
1.2 Semiconductor materials 6
1.2.1 Intrinsic semiconductors 7
1.2.2 Extrinsic semiconductors 8
1.3 Chapter summary 10
1.4 Questions 11
2 Semiconductor diodes and their applications 13
2.1 p-n junction 13
2.2 Semiconductor diodes 14
2.3 The Schottky diode 17
2.4 Light-emitting diodes 18
2.5 Zener diodes 21
2.6 Diode applications 22
2.7 Chapter summary 38
2.8 Questions 38
3 Bipolar junction transistors 41
3.1 Fundamentals of transistors 42
3.1.1 Structure of transistors 42
3.1.2 Transistor operation 43
3.2 Transistor configurations 44
3.2.1 Common-base configuration 45
3.2.2 Common-emitter configuration 48
3.2.3 Common-collector configuration 51
3.3 BJT DC biasing circuits 52
3.3.1 Operating point 52
3.3.2 Biasing voltages 54
3.3.3 Fixed-bias circuit 55
3.3.4 Emitter bias circuit 62
3.3.5 Voltage-divider bias circuit 66
3.3.6 Common-base configuration 71
3.3.7 Common-collector configuration 73
3.4 BJT AC analysis 74
3.4.1 Introduction to AC analysis 74
3.4.2 AC equivalent circuits 76
3.4.3 Transistor re model 79
3.4.4 CE Configuration with fixed bias 84
3.4.5 CE configuration with voltage-divider bias 88
3.4.6 CE configuration with emitter bias 91
3.4.7 Emitter-follower configuration 94
3.4.8 Common-base configuration 97
3.5 Chapter summary 100
3.5.1 BJT summary 100
3.5.2 DC Biasing summary 101
3.5.3 AC Analysis summary 102
3.6 Questions 104
4 Field-effect transistors 107
4.1 Fundamentals of the junction field-effect transistor 109
4.1.1 Constructions of JFETs 109
4.1.2 Biasing conditions of JFETs 111
4.1.3 JFET transfer characteristics 115
4.2 Fundamentals of depletion-type MOSFETs 118
4.2.1 Construction 119
4.2.2 Operation and characteristics 120
4.2.3 Symbols 122
4.3 Fundamentals of enhancement type MOSFETs 123
4.3.1 Construction 123
4.3.2 Operation and characteristics 124
4.3.3 Symbols 128
4.4 JFET DC biasing configurations 129
4.4.1 Fixed-bias configuration 129
4.4.2 Self-bias configuration 134
4.4.3 Common-gate configuration 138
4.4.4 Voltage-divider configuration 141
4.5 MOSFET DC biasing configurations 147
4.5.1 Depletion-type MOSFETs 147
4.5.2 Enhancement-type MOSFETs 157
4.6 FET AC analysis 164
4.6.1 Transconductance 165
4.6.2 Input impedance 166
4.6.3 Output impedance 167
4.6.4 FET AC equivalent circuit 167
4.7 JFET AC analysis 168
4.7.1 Fixed-bias configuration 168
4.7.2 Self-bias configuration 172
4.7.3 Voltage-divider configuration 176
4.7.4 Source-follower configuration 178
4.7.5 Common-gate configuration 182
4.8 MOSFET AC analysis 186
4.8.1 Depletion-type MOSFETs 186
4.8.2 Enhancement-type MOSFET 188
4.9 Chapter summary 195
4.9.1 JFET and MOSFET Summary 195
4.9.2 DC biasing summary 198
4.9.3 AC analysis summary 200
4.10 Questions 202
5 Operational amplifiers and their applications 205
5.1 Overview 205
5.2 Fundamentals of op-amp 206
5.3 Common-mode rejection ratio 211
5.4 Op-amp basic operations 216
5.4.1 Transfer characteristic 216
5.4.2 Basic operations 218
5.4.3 Golden rules of op-amps 220
5.4.4 Basic op-amp circuits 221
5.5 Linear applications of op-amps 225
5.5.1 Voltage summing 226
5.5.2 Voltage subtraction 227
5.5.3 Integrator 229
5.5.4 Differentiator 232
5.5.5 Instrumentation amplifier 233
5.5.6 Active filters with op-amps 235
5.6 Nonlinear applications of op-amps 244
5.6.1 Comparators 244
5.6.2 Schmitt trigger 247
5.6.3 Noninverting Schmitt trigger 248
5.6.4 Inverting Schmitt trigger 251
5.6.5 Precision rectifier 253
5.6.6 Logarithmic amplifier 258
5.6.7 Exponential amplifiers 260
5.6.8 Oscillators 261
5.7 Chapter summary 263
5.8 Questions 265
Bibliography 269
Index 271
