Table of Contents
Acknowledgements vii
Foreword viii
Preface ix
Chapter 1 Initial Observations About the Act of Breathing 11
Internal Respiration-External Respiration (Breathing) 15
Breathing: at First Glance, Always the Same Movement 18
Two Types of Breathing 24
Respiratory Volumes 25
Rates of Breathing 32
Section 1 Anatomical Pages 33
Chapter 2 The Skeleton's Role in Breathing 35
Bones Surrounding the Lungs 36
Thoracic "Cage": a Flexible Structure 37
Thoracic Cage as a Whole 38
Costal Arc and its Articulations 39
Ribs 40
Sternum 43
Spinal Column During Breathing 44
Pelvis 50
Shoulder Girdle 52
Cranial Bones 55
Chapter 3 Respiratory Organs 57
Lungs: Where Blood and Air Meet 58
Pulmonary Alveoli 60
Pleural Membrane: Double Envelope of the Lungs 62
Airway Passages 64
Chapter 4 Respiratory Muscles 79
Muscles of Inspiration 80
Other Muscles of Inspiration of the Rib Cage 87
Muscles of Expiration 96
Chapter 5 The Principal Forces Involved in Breathing 107
Muscles Act in Different Ways During Breathing 108
Pulmonary Elasticity: An Important Force in Breathing 110
Chapter 6 Forces Affecting Respiratory Volumes 117
Forces Involved in Breathing of Tidal Volume 118
Forces Involved in Inspiratory Reserve Volume (IRV) 120
Forces Involved in Expiratory Reserve Volume (ERV) 122
Forces Involved in the Rate of Breathing 124
Chapter 7 Relationships Among Anatomical Structures Involved in Breathing 125
Two Cavities that are Inseparable During Breathing 126
Respiratory Stops 130
Suspended Breaths 131
Chapter 8 Analysis of the Principal Types of Breathing 133
Diaphragmatic Breathing and its Variations 134
CostalBreathing and its Variations 141
Paradoxical Breathing 144
Two Mechanisms of Exhalation 146
Techniques for Decompressing the Abdominal Organs 150
Valsalva's Method 151
The Sigh: Relaxing the Diaphragm 152
Section 2
Chapter 9 Practice Pages 159
Preparing for Breathing Exercises 161
Diaphragmatic Inhalations 176
Costal Inhalation 189
Costal Exhalations 200
Abdominal Exhalations 202
Exercises for Respiratory Volumes 204
Conclusion 217
Bibliography 219