Applied Cryptography: Protocols, Algorithms and Source Code in C / Edition 2 available in Hardcover, Paperback, eBook
Applied Cryptography: Protocols, Algorithms and Source Code in C / Edition 2
- ISBN-10:
- 1119096723
- ISBN-13:
- 9781119096726
- Pub. Date:
- 03/30/2015
- Publisher:
- Wiley
Applied Cryptography: Protocols, Algorithms and Source Code in C / Edition 2
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Overview
". . .the best introduction to cryptography I've ever seen. . . .The book the National Security Agency wanted never to be published. . . ." -Wired Magazine
". . .monumental . . . fascinating . . . comprehensive . . . the definitive work on cryptography for computer programmers . . ." -Dr. Dobb's Journal
". . .easily ranks as one of the most authoritative in its field." -PC Magazine
The book details how programmers and electronic communications professionals can use cryptography-the technique of enciphering and deciphering messages-to maintain the privacy of computer data. It describes dozens of cryptography algorithms, gives practical advice on how to implement them into cryptographic software, and shows how they can be used to solve security problems. The book shows programmers who design computer applications, networks, and storage systems how they can build security into their software and systems.
With a new Introduction by the author, this premium edition will be a keepsake for all those committed to computer and cyber security.
Product Details
| ISBN-13: | 9781119096726 |
|---|---|
| Publisher: | Wiley |
| Publication date: | 03/30/2015 |
| Edition description: | 20th Anniversary Edition |
| Pages: | 784 |
| Product dimensions: | 7.40(w) x 9.30(h) x 1.90(d) |
About the Author
Read an Excerpt
Table of Contents
CONTENTSINTRODUCTION XIII
FOREWORD BY WHITFIELD DIFFIE XVII
PREFACE XXI
HOW TO READ THIS BOOK XXII
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS XXIV
ABOUT THE AUTHOR XXV
1 FOUNDATIONS 7
1.1 TERMINOLOGY 1
1 .2 STEGANOGRAPHY 9
1.3 SUBSTITUTION CIPHERS AND TRANSPOSITION CIPHERS 10
1.4 SIMPLE XOR 13
1.5 ONE-TIME PADS 15
1.6 COMPUTER ALGORITHMS 17
1.7 LARGE NUMBERS 17
PART I CRYPTOGRAPHIC PROTOCOLS
2 PROTOCOL BUILDING BLOCKS 27
2.1 INTRODUCTION TO PROTOCOLS 21
2.2 COMMUNICATIONS USING SYMMETRIC CRYPTOGRAPHY 28
2.3 ONE-WAY FUNCTIONS 29
2.4 ONE-WAY HASH FUNCTIONS 30
2.5 COMMUNICATIONS USING PUBLIC-KEY CRYPTOGRAPHY 31
2.6 DIGITAL SIGNATURES 34
2.7 DIGITAL SIGNATURES WITH ENCRYPTION 47
2.8 RANDOM AND PSEUDO-RANDOM SEQUENCE GENERATION 44
3 BASIC PROTOCOLS 47
3.1 KEY EXCHANGE 47
3.2 AUTHENTICATION 52
3.3 AUTHENTICATION AND KEY EXCHANGE 56
3.4 FORMAL ANALYSIS OF AUTHENTICATION AND KEY-EXCHANGE PROTOCOLS 65
3.5 MULTIPLE-KEY PUBLIC-KEY CRYPTOGRAPHY 68
3.6 SECRET SPLITTING 70
3.7 SECRET SHARING 71
3.8 CRYPTOGRAPHIC PROTECTION OF DATABASES 73
4 INTERMEDIATE PROTOCOLS 75
4.1 TIMESTAMPING SERVICES 75
4.2 SUBLIMINAL CHANNEL 79
4.3 UNDENIABLE DIGITAL SIGNATURES 81
4.4 DESIGNATED CONFIRMER SIGNATURES 82
4.5 PROXY SIGNATURES 83
4.6 GROUP SIGNATURES 84
4.7 FAIL-STOP DIGITAL SIGNATURES 85
4.8 COMPUTING WITH ENCRYPTED DATA 85
4.9 BIT COMMITMENT 86
4.10 FAIR COIN FLIPS 89
4.11 MENTAL POKER 92
4.12 ONE-WAY ACCUMULATORS 95
4.13 ALL-OR-NOTHING DISCLOSURE OF SECRETS 96
4.14 KEY ESCROW 97
5 ADVANCED PROTOCOLS 101
5.1 ZERO-KNOWLEDGE PROOFS 101
5.2 ZERO-KNOWLEDGE PROOFS OF IDENTITY 109
5.3 BLIND SIGNATURES 112
5.4 IDENTITY-BASED PUBLIC-KEY CRYPTOGRAPHY 115
5.5 OBLIVIOUS TRANSFER 226
5.6 OBLIVIOUS SIGNATURES 227
5.7 SIMULTANEOUS CONTRACT SIGNING 228
5.8 DIGITAL CERTIFIED MAIL 122
5.9 SIMULTANEOUS EXCHANGE OF SECRETS 123
6 ESOTERIC PROTOCOLS 125
6.1 SECURE ELECTIONS 125
6.2 SECURE MULTIPARTY COMPUTATION 234
6.3 ANONYMOUS MESSAGE BROADCAST 237
6.4 DIGITAL CASH 239
PART II CRYPTOGRAPHIC TECHNIQUES
7 KEY LENGTH 151
7.1 SYMMETRIC KEY LENGTH 151
7.2 PUBLIC-KEY KEY LENGTH 158
7.3 COMPARING SYMMETRIC AND PUBLIC-KEY KEY LENGTH 165
7.4 BIRTHDAY ATTACKS AGAINST ONE-WAY HASH FUNCTIONS 165
7.5 HOW LONG SHOULD A KEY BE? 166
7.6 CAVEAT EMETOR 168
8 KEY MANAGEMENT 169
8.1 GENERATING KEYS 170
8.2 NONLINEAR KEYSPACES 175
8.3 TRANSFERRING KEYS 176
8.4 VERIFYING KEYS 178
8.5 USING KEYS 179
8.6 UPDATING KEYS 180
8.7 STORING KEYS 180
8.8 BACKUP KEYS 181
8.9 COMPROMISED KEYS 182
8.10 LIFETIME OF KEYS 183
8.11 DESTROYING KEYS 181
8.12 PUBLIC-KEY KEY MANAGEMENT 185
9 ALGORITHM TYPES AND MODES 189
9.1 ELECTRONIC CODEBOOK MODE 189
9.2 BLOCK REPLAY 191
9.3 CIPHER BLOCK CHAINING MODE 193
9.4 STREAM CIPHERS 197
9.5 SELF-SYNCHRONIZING STREAM CIPHERS 198
9.6 CIPHER-FEEDBACK MODE 200
9.7 SYNCHRONOUS STREAM CIPHERS 202
9.8 OUTPUT-FEEDBACK MODE 203
9.9 COUNTER MODE 205
9.10 OTHER BLOCK-CIPHER MODES 206
9.11 CHOOSING A CIPHER MODE 208
9.12 INTERLEAVING 210
9.13 BLOCK CIPHERS VERSUS STREAM CIPHERS 210
10 USING ALGORITHMS 213
10.1 CHOOSING AN ALGORITHM 214
10.2 PUBLIC-KEY CRYPTOGRAPHY VERSUS SYMMETRIC CRYPTOGRAPHY 216
10.3 ENCRYPTING COMMUNICATIONS CHANNELS 216
10.4 ENCRYPTING DATA FOR STORAGE 220
10.5 HARDWARE ENCRYPTION VERSUS SOFTWARE ENCRYPTION 223
10.6 COMPRESSION, ENCODING, AND ENCRYPTION 226
10.7 DETECTING ENCRYPTION 226
10.8 HIDING CIPHERTEXT IN CIPHERTEXT 227
10.9 DESTROYING INFORMATION 228
PART III CRYPTOGRAPHIC ALGORITHMS
11 MATHEMATICAL BACKGROUND 233
11.1 INFORMATION THEORY 233
11.2 COMPLEXITY THEORY 237
11.3 NUMBER THEORY 242
11.4 FACTORING 255
11.5 PRIME NUMBER GENERATION 258
11.6 DISCRETE LOGARITHMS IN A FINITE FIELD 262
12 DATA ENCRYPTION STANDARD (DES) 265
12.1 BACKGROUND 265
12.2 DESCRIPTION OF DES 270
12.3 SECURITY OF DES 278
12.4 DIFFERENTIAL AND LINEAR CRYPTANALYSIS 285
12.5 THE REAL DESIGN CRITERIA 293
12.6 DES VARIANTS 204
12.7 HOW SECURE IS DES TODAY? 300
13 OTHER BLOCK CIPHERS 303
13.1 LUCIFER 303
13.2 MADRYGA 304
13.3 NEWDES 306
13.4 FEAL 308
13.5 REDOC 311
13.6 LOKI 314
13.7 KHUFU AND KHAFRE 316
13.8 RC2 328
13.9 IDEA 319
13.10 MMB 325
13.11 CA-1.1 327
13.12 SKIPJACK 328
14 STILL OTHER BLOCK CIPHERS 332
14.1 GOST 332
14.2 CAST 334
14.3 BLOWFISH 336
14.4 SAFER 339
14.5 3-WAY 341
14.6 CRAB 342
14.7 SXAL8/MBAL 344
14.8 RC5 344
14.9 OTHER BLOCK ALGORITHMS 346
14.10 THEORY OF BLOCK CIPHER DESIGN 346
14.11 USING ONE-WAY HASH FUNCTIONS 351
14.12 CHOOSING A BLOCK ALGORITHM 354
15 COMBINING BLOCK CIPHERS 357
15.1 DOUBLE ENCRYPTION 357
15.2 TRIPLE ENCRYPTION 358
15.3 DOUBLING THE BLOCK LENGTH 363
15.4 OTHER MULTIPLE ENCRYPTION SCHEMES 363
15.5 CDME KEY SHORTENING 366
15.6 WHITENING 366
15.7 CASCADING MULTIPLE BLOCK ALGORITHMS 367
15.8 COMBINING MULTIPLE BLOCK ALGORITHMS 368
16 PSEUDO-KANDOM-SEQUENCE GENERATORS AND STREAM CIPHERS 369
16.1 LINEAR CONGRUENTIAL GENERATORS 369
16.2 LINEAR FEEDBACK SHIFT REGISTERS 372
16.3 DESIGN AND ANALYSIS OF STREAM CIPHERS 379
16.4 STREAM CIPHERS USING LFSRS 381
16.5 A5 389
16.6 HUGHES XPD/KPD 389
16.7 NANOTEO 390
16.8 RAMBUTAN 390
16.9 ADDITIVE GENERATORS 390
16.10 GIFFORD 392
16.11 ALGORITHM M 393
16.12 PKZ1P 394
17 OTHER STREAM CIPHERS AND REAL RANDOM-SEQUENCE GENERATORS 397
17.1 RC4 397
17.2 SEAL 398
17.3 WAKE 400
17.4 FEEDBACK WITH CARRY SHIFT REGISTERS 402
17.5 STREAM CIPHERS USING FCSRS 405
17.6 NONLINEAR-FEEDBACK SHIFT REGISTERS 412
17.7 OTHER STREAM CIPHERS 413
17.8 SYSTEM-THEORETIC APPROACH TO STREAM-CIPHER DESIGN 415
17.9 COMPLEXITY-THEMATIC APPROACH TO STREAM-CIPHER DESIGN 416
17.10 OTHER APPROACHES TO STREAM-CIPHER DESIGN 418
17.11 CASCADING MULTIPLE STREAM CIPHERS 419
17.12 CHOOSING A STREAM CIPHER 420
17.13 GENERATING MULTIPLE STREAMS FROM A SINGLE PSEUDO-RANDOM-SEQUENCE GENERATOR 420
17.14 REAL RANDOM-SEQUENCE GENERATORS 421
18 ONE-WAY HASH FUNCTIONS 429
18.1 BACKGROUND 429
18.2 SNEFRU 431
18.3 N-HASH 432
18.4 MD4 435
18.5 MD5 436
18.6 MD2 441
18.7 SECURE HASH ALGORITHM (SHA) 441
18.8 RIPE-MD 445
18.9 HAVAL 445
18.10 OTHER ONE-WAY HASH FUNCTIONS 446
18.11 ONE-WAY HASH FUNCTIONS USING SYMMETRIC BLOCK ALGORITHMS 446
18.12 USING PUBLIC-KEY ALGORITHMS 455
18.13 CHOOSING A ONE-WAY HASH FUNCTION 455
18.14 MESSAGE AUTHENTICATION CODES 455
19 PUBLIC-KEY ALGORITHMS 461
19.1 BACKGROUND 461
19.2 KNAPSACK ALGORITHMS 462
19.3 RSA 466
19.4 POHLIG-HELLMAN 474
19.5 RABIN 475
19.6 ELGAMAL 476
19.7 MCELIECE 479
19.8 ELLIPTIC CURVE CRYPTOSYSTEMS 480
19.9 LUC 481
19.10 FINITE AUTOMATON PUBLIC-KEY CRYPTOSYSTEMS 482
20 PUBLIC-KEY DIGITAL SIGNATURE ALGORITHMS 483
20.1 DIGITAL SIGNATURE ALGORITHM [DSA] 483
20.2 DSA VARIANTS 494
20.3 GOST DIGITAL SIGNATURE ALGORITHM 495
20.4 DISCRETE LOGARITHM SIGNATURE SCHEMES 496
20.5 ONG-SCHNORR-SHAMIR 498
20.6 ESIGN 499
20.7 CELLULAR AUTOMATA 500
20.8 OTHER PUBLIC-KEY ALGORITHMS 500
21 IDENTIFICATION SCHEMES 503
21.1 FEIGE-FIAT-SHAMIR 503
21.2 GUTLLOU-QUISQUATER 508
21.3 SCHNORR 510
21.4 CONVERTING IDENTIFICATION SCHEMES TO SIGNATURE SCHEMES 512
22 KEY-EXCHANGE ALGORITHMS 513
22.1 DIFFIE-HELLMAN 513
22.2 STATION-TO-STATION PROTOCOL 516
22.3 SHAMIR'S THREE-PASS PROTOCOL 516
22.4 COMSET 577
22.5 ENCRYPTED KEY EXCHANGE 518
22.6 FORTIFIED KEY NEGOTIATION 522
22.7 CONFERENCE KEY DISTRIBUTION AND SECRET BROADCASTING 523
23 SPECIAL ALGORITHMS FOR PROTOCOLS 527
23.1 MULTIPLE-KEY PUBLIC-KEY CRYPTOGRAPHY 527
23.2 SECRET-SHARING ALGORITHMS 528
23.3 SUBLIMINAL CHANNEL 531
23.4 UNDENIABLE DIGITAL SIGNATURES 536
23.5 DESIGNATED CONFIRMER SIGNATURES 539
23.6 COMPUTING WITH ENCRYPTED DATA 540
23.7 FAIR COIN FLIPS 541
23.8 ONE-WAY ACCUMULATORS 543
23.9 ALL-OR-NOTHING DISCLOSURE OR SECRETS 543
23.10 FAIR AND FAILSAFE CRYPTOSYSTEMS 546
23.11 ZERO-KNOWLEDGE PROOFS OF KNOWLEDGE 548
23.12 BLIND SIGNATURES 549
23.13 OBLIVIOUS TRANSFER 550
23.14 SECURE MULTIPARTY COMPUTATION 552
23.15 PROBABILISTIC ENCRYPTION 552
23.16 QUANTUM CRYPTOGRAPHY 554
PART IV THE REAL WORLD
24 EXAMPLE IMPLEMENTATIONS 561
24.1 IBM SECRET-KEY MANAGEMENT PROTOCOL 561
24.2 MITRENET 562
24.3 ISDN 563
24.4 STU-III 565
24.5 KERBEROS 566
24.6 KRYPTOKNIGHT 572
24.7 SESAME 572
24.8 IBM COMMON CRYPTOGRAPHIC ARCHITECTURE 573
24.9 ISO AUTHENTICATION FRAMEWORK 574
24.10 PRIVACY-ENHANCED MAIL (PEM) 577
24.11 MESSAGE SECURITY PROTOCOL (MSP) 584
24.12 PRETTY GOOD PRIVACY (PGP) 584
24.13 SMART CARDS 587
24.14 PUBLIC-KEY CRYPTOGRAPHY STANDARDS (PKCS) 588
24.15 UNIVERSAL ELECTRONIC PAYMENT SYSTEM (UEPS) 589
24.16 CLIPPER 591
24.17 CAPSTONE 593
24.18 AT&T MODEL 3600 TELEPHONE SECURITY DEVICE (TSD) 594
25 POLITICS 597
25.1 NATIONAL SECURITY AGENCY (NSA) 597
25.2 NATIONAL COMPUTER SECURITY CENTER (NCSC) 599
25.3 NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS AND TECHNOLOGY (NIST) 600
25.4 RSA DATA SECURITY, INC. 603
25.5 PUBLIC KEY PARTNERS 604
25.6 INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION FOR CRYPTOGRAPHIC RESEARCH (IACR) 605
25.7 RACE INTEGRITY PRIMITIVES EVALUATION (RIPE) 605
25.8 CONDITIONAL ACCESS FOR EUROPE (CAFE) 606
25.9 ISO/IEC 9979 607
25.10 PROFESSIONAL, CIVIL LIBERTIES, AND INDUSTRY GROUPS 608
25.11 SCICRYPT 608
25.12 CYPHERPUNKS 609
25.13 PATENTS 609
25.14 U.S. EXPORT RULES 610
25.15 FOREIGN IMPORT AND EXPORT OF CRYPTOGRAPHY 617
25.16 LEGAL ISSUES 618
Afterword by Matt Blaze 619
PART V SOURCE CODE
Source Code 623
References 675
Preface
If I take a letter, lock it in a safe, hide the safe somewhere in New York, and then tell you to read the letter, that's not security. That's obscurity. On the other hand, if I take a letter and lock it in a safe, and then give you the safe along with the design specifications of the safe and a hundred identical safes with their combinations so that you and the world's best safecrackers can study the locking mechanism--and you still can't open the safe and read the letter, that's security.
For many years, this sort of cryptography was the exclusive domain of the military. The United States' National Security Agency (NSA), and their counterparts in the former Soviet Union, England, France, Israel, and elsewhere, have spent billions of dollars in the very serious game of securing their own communications while trying to break everyone else's. Private individuals, with far less expertise and budget, have been powerless to protect their own privacy against these governments.
During the last 20 years, public academic research in cryptography has exploded. While classical cryptography has been long used by ordinary citizens, since World War II computer cryptography was the exclusive domain of the world's militaries. Today, state-of-the-art computer cryptography is practiced outside the secured walls of the military agencies. The layperson can now employ security practices that can protect against the most powerful ofadversaries--security that may protect against military agencies for years to come.
Do average people really need this kind of security? Yes. They may be planning a political campaign, discussing taxes, or having an illicit affair. They may be designing a new product, discussing a marketing strategy, or planning a hostile business takeover. Or they may be living in a country that does not respect the rights of privacy of its citizens. They may be doing something that they feel shouldn't be illegal, but is. For whatever reason, the data and communications are personal, private, and no one else's business.
This book is being published in a tumultuous time. In 1994, the Clinton administration approved the Escrowed Encryption Standard (including the Clipper chip) and signed the Digital Telephony bill into law. Both of these initiatives try to ensure the government's ability to conduct electronic surveillance.
Some dangerously Orwellian assumptions are at work here: that the government has right to listen to private communications, and that there is something wrong with a private citizen trying to keep a secret from the government. Law enforcement has always been able to conduct court authorized surveillance if possible, but this is the first time that the people have been forced to take active measures to make themselves available for surveillance. These initiatives are not simply government proposals in some obscure area; they are preemptive and unilateral attempts to usurp powers that previously belonged to the people.
Clipper and Digital Telephony do not protect privacy; they force individuals to unconditionally trust that the government will respect their privacy. The same law enforcement authorities who illegally tapped Martin Luther King Jr.'s phones can easily tap a phone protected with Clipper. In the recent past, local police authorities have either been charged criminally or sued civilly in numerous jurisdictions--Maryland, Connecticut, Vermont, Georgia, Missouri, and Nevada--for conducting illegal wiretaps. It's a poor idea to deploy a technology that could some day facilitate a police state.
The lesson here is that it is insufficient to protect ourselves with laws; we need to protect ourselves with mathematics. Encryption is too important to be left solely to governments. This book gives you the tools you need to protect your own privacy; cryptography products may be declared illegal, but the information will never be.
How to Read This Book
I wrote Applied Cryptography to be a both a lively introduction to the field of cryptography and a comprehensive reference work. I have tried to keep the text readable without sacrificing accuracy. This book is not intended to be a mathematical text. Although I have not deliberately given any false information, I do play fast and loose with theory. For those interested in formalism, there are copious references to the academic literature.
Chapter 1 introduces cryptography, defines many terms, and briefly discusses precomputer cryptography.
Chapters 2 through 6 (Part I) describe cryptographic protocols: what people can do with cryptography. The protocols range from the simple (sending encrypted messages from one person to another) to the complex (flipping a coin over the telephone) to the esoteric (secure and anonymous digital money exchange). Some of these protocols are obvious; others are almost amazing. Cryptography can solve a lot of problems that most people never realized it could.
Chapters 7 through 10 (Part II) discuss cryptographic techniques. All four chapters in this section are important for even the most basic uses of cryptography. Chapters 7 and 8 are about keys: how long a key should be in order to be secure, how to generate keys, how to store keys, how to dispose of keys, and so on. Key management is the hardest part of cryptography and often the Achilles' heel of an otherwise secure system. Chapter 9 discusses different ways of using cryptographic algorithms, and Chapter 10 gives the odds and ends of algorithms: how to choose, implement, and use algorithms.
Chapters 11 through 23 (Part III) list algorithms. Chapter 11 provides the mathematical background. This chapter is only required if you are interested in public-key algorithms. If you just want to implement DES (or something similar), you can skip ahead. Chapter 12 discusses DES: the algorithm, its history, its security, and some variants. Chapters 13, 14, and 15 discuss other block algorithms; if you want something more secure than DES, skip to the section on IDEA and triple-DES. If you want to read about a bunch of algorithms, some of which may be more secure than DES, read the whole chapter. Chapters 16 and 17 discuss stream algorithms. Chapter 18 focuses on one-way hash functions; MD5 and SHA are the most common, although I discuss many more. Chapter 19 discusses public-key encryption algorithms, chapter 20 discusses public-key digital signature algorithms, chapter 21 discusses public-key identification algorithms, and chapter 22 discusses public-key key exchange algorithms. The important algorithms are RSA, DSA, Fiat-Shamir, and Diffie-Hellman, respectively. Chapter 23 has more esoteric public-key algorithms and protocols; the math in this chapter is quite complicated, so wear your seat belt.
Chapters 24 and 25 (Part IV) turn to the real world of cryptography. Chapter 24 discusses some of the current implementations of these algorithms and protocols, while chapter 25 touches on some of the political issues surrounding cryptography. These chapters are by nomeans intended to be comprehensive.
Also included are source code listings for ten algorithms discussed in Part III. I was unable to include all the code I wanted to due to space imitations, and cryptographic source code cannot otherwise be exported. (Amazingly enough, the State Department allowed export of the first edition of this book with source code, but denied export for a computer disk with the exact same source code on it. Go figure.) An associated source code disk set includes much more source code than I could fit in this book; it is probably the largest collection of cryptographic source code outside a military institution. I can only send source code disks to U.S. and Canadian citizens living in the U.S. and Canada, but hopefully that will change someday. If you are interested in implementing or playing with the cryptographic algorithms in this book, get the disk. See the last page of the book for details.
One criticism of this book is that its encyclopedic nature takes away from its readability. This is true, but I wanted to provide a single reference for those who might come across an algorithm in the academic literature or in a product. For those who are more interested in a tutorial, I apologize. A lot is being done in the field; this is the first time so much of it has been gathered between two covers. Even so, space considerations forced me to leave many things out. I covered topics that I felt were important, practical, or interesting. If I couldn't cover a topic in depth, I gave references to articles and papers that did.
I have done my best to hunt down and eradicate all errors in this book, but many have assured me that it is an impossible task. Certainly, the second edition has far fewer errors than the first. An errata listing is available from me and will be periodically posted to the Usenet newsgroup sci.crypt. If any reader finds an error, please let me know. I'll send the first person to find each error in the book will get a free copy of the source code disk.
Acknowledgments
The list of people who had a hand in this book may seem unending, but all are worthy of mention. I would like to thank Don Alvarez, Ross Anderson, Dave Balenson, Karl Barrus, Steve Bellovin, Dan Bernstein, Eli Biham, Joan Boyar, Karen Cooper, Whit Diffie, Joan Feigenbaum, Phil Karn, Neal Koblitz, Xuejia Lai, Tom Leranth, Mike Markowitz, Ralph Merkle, Bill Patton, Peter Pearson, Charles Pfleeger, Ken Pizzini, Bart Preneel, Mark Riordan, Joachim Schurman, and Marc Schwartz for reading and editing all or parts of the first edition; Marc Vauclair for translating the first edition into French; Abe Abraham, Ross Anderson, Steve Bellovin, Eli Biham, Matt Bishop, Matt Blaze, Gary Carter, Jan Comenisch, Claude Cr=E9peau, Joan Daemen, Jorge Davila, Ed Dawson, Whit Diffie, Carl Ellison, Joan Feigenbaum, Niels Ferguson, Matt Franklin, Rosario Gennaro, Dieter Gollmann, Mark Goresky, Richard Graveman, Stuart Haber, Jingman He, Bob Hogue, Kenneth Iversen, Markus Jakobsson, Burt Kaliski, Phil Karn, John Kelsey, John Kennedy, Lars Knudsen, Paul Kocher, John Ladwig, Xuejia Lai, Arjen Lenstra, Paul Leyland, Mike Markowitz, Jim Massey, Bruce McNair, William Hugh Murray, Roger Needham, Clif Neuman, Kaisa Nyberg, Luke O'Connor, Peter Pearson, Ren=E9 Peralta, Yisrael Radai, Michael Roe, Phil Rogaway, Avi Rubin, Paul Rubin, Selwyn Russell, Kazue Sako, Mahmoud Salmasizadeh, Markus Stadler, Dmitry Titov, Jimmy Upton, Marc Vauclair, Serge Vaudenay, Gideon Yuval, and Glen Zorn for reading and editing all or parts of the second-edition; Lawrie Brown, Leisa Condie, Joan Daemen, Peter Gutmann, Alan Insley, Chris Johnston, John Kelsey, Xuejia Lai, Bill Leininger, Mike Markowitz, Richard Outerbridge, Peter Pearson, Ken Pizzini, Colin Plumb, RSA Data Security, Inc., Michael Roe, Michael Wood, and Phil Zimmermann for providing source code; Paul MacNerland for creating the figures for the first edition; Karen Cooper for copyediting the second edition; Beth Friedman for proofreading the second edition; Carol Kennedy for indexing the second edition; the readers of sci.crypt and the Cypherpunks mailing list for commenting on ideas, answering questions, and finding errors in the first edition; Randy Seuss for providing Internet access; Jeff Duntemann and Jon Erickson for helping me get started; assorted random Insleys for the impetus, encouragement, support, conversations, friendship, and dinners; and AT&T Bell Labs for firing me and making this all possible. All these people helped to create a far better book than I could have created alone.