Table of Contents
Historical Background 3
European rivalries - the Norman ascendancy in the south - the rift between Empire and Papacy
Chronology 5
The Imperial Army of Frederick Barbarossa, 1155-1190 8
The difficulties of raising armies - mercenaries - ministerials-vassals and allies - tactical organization
12th-Century Communal Armies of The Northern Cities 11
Wealth breeds ambition - organization and training -mobilization - the rurali - the canvccio
The Veronese and Lombard Leagues
The Norman Army of The Kingdom of Sicily 15
Feudal mobilization - feudal knights and auxiliaries - the king's retinue - commanders
The Army Of Frederick II, 1220-1250 17
From feudalism to professionalism - 'Saracen' forces: the Lucera archers - Italian forces: the army of Ezzelino da Romano
13th-Century Communal Armies 22
Sergeants, crossbows, pavises, and military societies - social class distinctions - cavalry reorganization
The Tuscan armies at Montaperti, 1260
The Papal States & Maritime Republics 36
Armies of the papal territories
Venice, Genoa and Pisa
The Army Of Anjou 39
Millies, serjeants and ribaldi - mercenaries - administration
The Army Of Aragon 40
'The Sicilian vespers' - Aragonese forces
Select Bibliography 43
Plate Commentaries 43
Index 48