Table of Contents
PREFACEPART I: THE FOUNDATIONS OF CIVILIZATION Chapter 1: Civilization in the Ancient Near East: Mesopotamia, Egypt, and Israel Mesopotamian Civilization The Reign of Sargon The Code of Hammurabi The Epic of Gilgamesh The Biblical Flood Egyptian Civilization The Authority of the Pharaohs Building the Pyramids Herodotus Mummification Herodotus Ramses the Great The Artistic Vision: The Great Pyramids Egyptian Religion and Values Instructions of Kagemni The Pyramid Texts The Book of the Dead: Negative Confession Against the Grain: The Amarna Revolution The Hymn to Aten Akhenaten Hebrew Civilization Origins, Oppression, and the Exodus of the Hebrews from Egypt The Creation of the World Paradise and the Fall from Grace The Hebrew Bondage The Burning Bush The Mission of Moses The Departure of the Israelites Covenant and Commandments The Ten Commandments The Covenant Code Wisdom and Psalms Job: “Clothed In Fearful Splendor” Psalm 104: “All Creatures Depend On You” Prophets: Amos, Isaiah, and Jeremiah Amos: “Let Justice Flow Like Water” Yahweh: “There Is No God Except Me” Isaiah's Vision of Everlasting Peace The Reflection in the Mirror: The New Covenant of Jeremiah “Deep Within Them, I Shall Plant My Law” PART II: THE GREEK WORLD Chapter 2: Legend and History: The World of Early Greece The Trojan War: Homer's Iliad The Wrath of Achilles Homer The Death of Hector Homer Homecoming: The Odyssey of Homer The Adventure of the Cyclops Homer Odysseus in the Underworld Homer The Return of Odysseus Homer Early Greek Literature (700-500 B.C.E.) Pandora's Box of Evil Hesiod Works and Days: Advice for the Wise Hesiod Greek Love Poetry Sappho The Celebration of Athletic Glory Pindar Chapter 3: Democracy and Empire: The Golden Age of Athens The Greek Polis: Two Ways of Life “Man Is a Political Animal” Aristotle The City-State of Sparta: Reforms of Lycurgus Plutarch Spartan Discipline Plutarch “Happiness Depends on Being Free, and Freedom Depends on Courage”: The Funeral Oration of Pericles (430 B.C.E.) Thucydides The Historian at Work Herodotus “As Rich as Croesus”: The Happiest of Men? The Persian Wars and the Defense of Greece (490–480 B.C.E.) “The Spartans Will Fight” Herodotus The 300 Spartans at Thermopylae (480 B.C.E.) Herodotus Greek Tragedy (480-430 B.C.E.) Oedipus the King (430 B.C.E.) Sophocles Antigone (441 B.C.E.) Sophocles The Athenian Empire, War, and Decline (480–404 B.C.E.) The Historian at Work: Thucydides Bloodbath at Corcyra The Mytilenian Debate (427 B.C.E.) Thucydides The Melian Dialogue (416 B.C.E.) Thucydides The Reflection in the Mirror Hubris: The Conceit of Power The Trojan Women (415 B.C.E.) Euripides The Sicilian Disaster (413 B.C.E.) Thucydides Women and War: Lysistrata (411 B.C.E.) Aristophanes Against the Grain The Trial of Socrates “You Will Not Easily Find Another Like Me” Plato Chapter 4: The Age of Alexander the Great The Rise of Macedon and the Fall of Greece The First Philippic (351 B.C.E.) Demosthenes “They Speak of Nothing But Your Power” (346 B.C.E.) Isocrates On the Crown (330 B.C.E.) Demosthenes Alexander the Great? “Carve Out a Kingdom Worthy of Yourself!” Plutarch The Destruction of Persepolis Diodorus Siculus The Character and Leadership of Alexander Arrian “Making Humankind a Single People” Plutarch The Thought of the AgeThe Philosophy of Plato The Unenlightened Majority Plato Allegory of the Cave Plato The Equality of Women in the State Plato The Thought of Aristotle Virtue and Moderation: The Doctrine of the Mean Aristotle The Status of Women Aristotle PART III: THE ROMAN WORLD Chapter 5: The Roman Republic: Origins, Breakdown, and Rebirth Roman Virtues in the Early and Middle Republic (753-150 B.C.E.) The Historian at Work: Titus Livy The Power of the Past The Oath of the Horatii: “One of the Great Stories of Ancient Times” Livy The Rape of Lucretia Livy The Courage of Mucius Scaevola Livy “Hannibal at the Gates!” Livy “Cracks in the Wall”: The Breakdown Begins (150-100 B.C. E.) The Destruction of Carthage (146 B.C.E.) Appian The Growth of the Latifundia Appian The Murder of Tiberius Gracchus (133 B.C.E.) Plutarch “Vengeance with Excessive Cruelty” Sallust The Fall of the Roman Republic (100–31 B.C.E.) The Historian at Work: Appian The Revolt of SpartacusThe Civil War (49–45 B.C.E.) “The Die Is Cast”: Caesar Crosses the Rubicon Suetonius “We Must Trust to the Mercy of the Storm” Cicero Julius Caesar: The Colossus That Bestrode the World? Caesar's Reforms Suetonius Abuse of Power Suetonius The Assassination of Julius Caesar (44 B.C.E.) Plutarch The Power Vacuum (44-31 B.C.E.) “A Public Prostitute”: The Philippic Against Mark Antony Cicero The Murder of Cicero: “Antony's Greatest and Bitterest Enemy” Appian Against the Grain Cleopatra: Queen of the Nile “The Attraction Was Something Bewitching” Plutarch “She Was No Weak-Kneed Woman” Horace The Establishment of the Augustan Principate (31-27 B.C.E.) The Powers and Authority of the Emperor Dio Cassius The Transition from Republic to Principate Tacitus Res Gestae: The Accomplishments of Augustus Augustus The Mission: “To Spare the Conquered and Crush the Proud” Virgil Chapter 6: Caesar and Christ Roman State Religion and the Mystery Cults The Imperial Cult: The Deification of Augustus Dio Cassius Invasion of the Eastern Cults Minucius Felix Orgiastic Frenzy Apuleius The Message of Jesus The Baptism of Jesus The Sermon on the Mount The Good Samaritan The Mission of Jesus Instructions to the Twelve Disciples Peter: The Rock Suffering, Persecution, and the Son of Man The Final Judgment The Work of Paul Paul's Answer to the Intellectuals “Neither Jew Nor Greek, Male Nor Female” The Resurrection of Christ Conflict and the Development of the Christian Church Roman Imperial Policy Regarding Jews and Christians The Historian at Work: Flavius Josephus Mass Suicide at Masada The Persecution of Christians Under Nero (64 C.E.) Tacitus “The Infection of This Superstition Has Spread” Pliny the Younger “A Religion of Lust”: Anti-Christian Propaganda Minucius Felix The Reflection in the Mirror “Christians to the Lions!” A Christian Defense Tertullian The Early Church Fathers First Principles of the Early Church (225 C.E.) Origen The City of God Saint Augustine Against the Grain Augustine: From Sinner to Saint The Confessions Saint Augustine The Triumph of Christianity The Petrine Theory Pope Leo I Loyalty to the Pope: Oath to Gregory II (723 C.E.) Bishop Boniface Chapter 7:The Pax Romana and the Decline of Rome Strength and Success (14–180 C.E.)Political and Military Control The Imperial Army Favius Josephus A Roman Triumph Zonaras Imperial Patronage Pliny the Younger Techniques of Roman Control Tacitus The Historian at Work: Tacitus The Murder of Agrippina “All Roads Lead to Rome” The Glory of the City Strabo The Artistic Vision: The Roman Aqueduct: Pont du Gard The Magnificence of the Baths Lucian The Bath House Seneca The Dark Side of Rome Juvenal “Bread and Circuses” Fronto “The Give and Take of Death”: Gladiatorial Combat Seneca “Charming Privacy”: The Rural Aristocrat Pliny the Younger Social and Intellectual Aspects of the Pax Romana The Roman Woman “Subordinate Beauty” Valerius Maximus The Funeral Eulogy of Turia Quintus Lucretius Vespillo Slavery in the Roman Empire A Slave Rebellion Pliny the Younger The Proper Treatment of Slaves Seneca Social Mobility: “Once a Mere Worm, Now a King” Petronius The Stoic Philosophy “What Is the Principal Thing in Life?” Seneca Meditations Marcus Aurelius Failure and Decline (180–500 C.E.) “Empire for Sale” (193 C.E.) Dio Cassius News of the Attacks Jerome The Reflection in the Mirror: The Decline of the West Decline and Christianity Edward Gibbon
PART IV THE MEDIEVAL WORLD Chapter 8: Icon, Scimitar, and Cross: E arly Medieval Civilization (500-1100) Byzantine Civilization p
