Table of Contents

Introduction 5

Section 1 Beginnings (prehistory-1620) 9

Early Routes and Cultures in the Americas

Routes of the First Americans, 23,000-8,000 B.C. 10

Viking Voyages, A.D. 1000 10

Native American Homelands 11

European Trade Routes

International Trade, 1350-1450 12

Portuguese Routes to India, 1488-1498 13

Spanish and English Explorers

The Spanish in the Americas, 1492-1542 14

Cabot's Voyages, 1497-1498 15

England Searches for a Northwest Passage, 1576-1586 15

French Explorers

Voyages of Carder and Verrazano, 1524-1536 16

Explorations of Champlain and Brulé, 1603-1615 16

Section 2 Establishing Colonies (1600-1775) 17

Settling the Atlantic Coast

English Land Grants, 1606 18

Dutch and Swedish Settlements, 1623-1643 18

Plymouth Colony, 1620 19

Early Settlements in New England, 1620-1630 19

Expansion of New England, 1636-1640 19

Struggle for the North American Continent

French Influence in North America, 1682 20

The Thirteen Original British Colonies, 1750 21

French and Indian War

French and British Forts, 1753-1760 22

British Strategy in the French and Indian War, 1754-1763 22

North America, 1763 23

Colonial Economy

Sources of Wealth, 1770 24

Triangular Trade Routes, about 1770 24

Section 3 Forming a New Nation (1775-1800) 25

The Struggle for Independence

The Battles of Lexington and Concord, 1775 26

The War in New England, 1775-1776 26

The Retreat from New York, 1776-1777 26

Clark's Route, 1778-1779 26

Northern Campaigns, 1777 27

The War in the South, 1780-1781 27

The Final Campaign, 1781 27

The Growing Republic

North America, 1783 28

Spanish Influence in North America, late 1700s 28

Western Lands: Claims and Cessions 29

The United States, 1783-1800 29

Developing New States

The Northwest Territory, 1787 30

Section 4 The Nation Expands & Changes (1790-1870) 31

Expanding Through Treaties, Purchase, and War

British Held Posts, 1794 32

Louisiana Purchase, 1803, and Its Exploration, 1804-1807 32

Campaigns in the War of 1812 33

The United States in 1819 33

Changes in the West and the East

Routes to the West, about 1840 34

The Mexican War, 1846-1848 34

National Road and Canals, about 1840 35

The Removal of the Eastern Indians, 1840 35

Acquiring New Territories

Westward Expansion, 1800-1850 36

Acquiring New Settlers

Major Sources of Immigration, 1820-1870 38

Section 5 A Nation Divided (1850-1865) 39

The Slavery Issue

The Compromise of 1850 40

Kansas-Nebraska Act, 1854 40

The Underground Railroad, 1860 40

A Quarreling People, 1820-1860 41

The Civil War

Secession, 1860-1861 42

The Civil War, 1861-1865 43

Major Civil War Battles

The Civil War, 1861-1865 44

1861-1863 44

1864-1865 44

Section 6 Emerging as a Modern Nation (1860-1920) 45

Expansion and Involvement Beyond the Mainland

Western Frontiers, 1860-1890 46

Overseas Expansion, 1865-1920 47

Spanish-American War in the Caribbean, 1898 47

Spanish-American War in the Philippines, 1898 47

The New Immigrants

Major Sources of Immigration, 1880-1920 48

Immigration's Impact, 1910 49

World War I

World War I, Europe in 1914 50

The Western Front in 1918 50

Section 7 Challenges & Changes in the 20th Century (1920-1999) 51

Economic Growth and Depression

Major U.S. Industries, 1920 52

Great Depression, 1929-1939 53

World War II: Axis Expansion

World War II, The Height of Axis Expansion, 1942 54

World War II: Allied Advances

Pacific Theater in World War II, 1941-1945 56

European Theater in World War II, 1941-1945 57

Conflicts in the Postwar World

Opportunities and Uncertainties, 1957-1975 58

The Korean War, 1950-1953 59

The Vietnam War, 1957-1975 59

Migration and Immigration

African American Migration, 1940-1970 60

Major Sources of Immigration, 1960s-1990s 61

Involvement in Middle America

The U.S. in the Caribbean and Central America, 1959-2015 62

Section 8 Entering a New Millennium (2000 & beyond) 63

Our Country Today

The United States 64

Who We Are

White Population 66

African American Population 66

Asian Population 66

American Indian and Alaska Native Population 66

Native Hawaiian and Pacific Islander Population 66

Hispanic Population 66

Where We Live

Population 67

Our Way of Life

Income 68

High School Graduation 68

Poverty 69

Unemployment 69

Our Place in the World

The World 70

Databank

Populations of United States Colonies and States, 1650-2010 72

Facts About the Stares 74

Index 76