Table of Contents
Preface ix
Acknowledgments xiii
About the Author xv
Part I General Concept and Techniques 1
Chapter 1 Measurement 3
1.1 What Is Biostatistics ? 3
1.2 Organization of Data 3
1.3 Types of Measurement Scales 7
1.4 Data Quality 9
Chapter 2 Types of Studies 21
2.1 Surveys 21
2.2 Comparative Studies 28
Chapter 3 Frequency Distributions 43
3.1 Stemplots 43
3.2 Frequency Tables 59
3.3 Additional Frequency Charts 63
Chapter 4 Summary Statistics 77
4.1 Central Location: Mean 77
4.2 Central Location: Median 82
4.3 Central Location: Mode 83
4.4 Comparison of the Mean, Median, and Mode 83
4.5 Spread: Quartiles 84
4.6 Boxplots 88
4.7 Spread: Variance and Standard Deviation 91
4.8 Selecting Summary Statistics 96
Chapter 5 Probability Concepts 105
5.1 What Is Probability? 105
5.2 Types of Random Variables 108
5.3 Discrete Random Variables 109
5.4 Continuous Random Variables 115
5.5 More Rules and Properties of Probability 120
Chapter 6 Binomial Probability Distributions 133
6.1 Binomial Random Variables 133
6.2 Calculating Binomial Probabilities 134
6.3 Cumulative Probabilities 137
6.4 Probability Calculators 138
6.5 Expected Value and Variance of a Binomial Random Variable 140
6.6 Using the Binomial Distribution to Help Make Judgments About the Role of Chance 141
Chapter 7 Normal Probability Distributions 147
7.1 Normal Distributions 147
7.2 Determining Normal Probabilities 156
7.3 Finding Values that Correspond to Normal Probabilities 162
7.4 Assessing Departures from Normality 164
Chapter 8 Introduction to Statistical Inference 175
8.1 Concepts 175
8.2 Sampling Behavior of a Mean 178
8.3 Sampling Behavior of a Count and Proportion 186
Chapter 9 Basics of Hypothesis Testing 197
9.1 The Null and Alternative Hypotheses 198
9.2 Test Statistic 199
9.3 P-Value 202
9.4 Significance Level and Conclusion 204
9.5 One-Sample Test 205
9.6 Power and Sample Size 209
Chapter 10 Basics of Confidence Intervals 219
10.1 Introduction to Estimation 219
10.2 Confidence Intervals for μ When σ Known 221
10.3 Sample Size Requirements 225
10.4 Relationship Between Hypothesis Testing and Confidence Intervals 227
Part II Quantitative Response Variable 235
Chapter 11 Inference About a Mean 237
11.1 Estimated Standard Error of the Mean 237
11.2 Student's t-Distributions 238
11.3 One-Sample t-Test 242
11.4 Confidence Interval for μ 245
11.5 Paired Samples 246
11.6 Conditions for Inference 252
11.7 Sample Size and Power 253
Chapter 12 Comparing Independent Means 267
12.1 Paired and Independent Samples 267
12.2 Exploratory and Descriptive Statistics 271
12.3 Inference About the Mean Difference 275
12.4 Equal Variance t Procedure (Optional) 279
12.5 Conditions for Inference 280
12.6 Sample Size and Power 282
Chapter 13 Comparing Several Means {One-Way Analysis of Variance) 295
13.1 Descriptive Statistics 297
13.2 The Problem of Multiple Comparisons 300
13.3 Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) 302
13.4 Post Hoc Comparisons 311
13.5 The Equal Variance Assumption 316
13.6 Introduction to Rank-Based Tests 321
Chapter 14 Correlation and Regression 333
14.1 Data 333
14.2 Scatterplot 334|3 14.3 Correlation 337
14.4 Regression 349
Chapter 15 Multiple Linear Regression 377
15.1 The General Idea 377
15.2 The Multiple Linear Regression Model 378
15.3 Categorical Explanatory Variables in Regression Models 380
15.4 Regression Coefficients 383
15.5 ANOVA for Multiple Linear Regression 385
15.6 Examining Multiple Regression Conditions 389
Part III Categorical Response Variable 393
Chapter 16 Inference About a Proportion 395
16.1 Proportions 395
16.2 The Sampling Distribution of a Proportion 398
16.3 Hypothesis Test, Normal Approximation Method 400
16.4 Hypothesis Test, Exact Binomial Method 403
16.5 Confidence Interval for a Population Proportion 409
16.6 Sample Size and Power 412
Chapter 17 Comparing Two Proportions 423
17.1 Data 423
17.2 Proportion Difference (Risk Difference) 424
17.3 Hypothesis Test 429
17.4 Proportion Ratio (Relative Risk) 439
17.5 Systematic Sources of Error 442
17.6 Power and Sample Size 445
Chapter 18 Cross-Tabulated Counts 459
18.1 Types of Samples 459
18.2 Describing Naturalistic and Cohort Samples 461
18.3 Chi-Square Test of Association 473
18.4 Test for Trend 483
18.5 Case-Control Samples 488
18.6 Matched Pairs 497
Chapter 19 Stratified Two-by-Two Tables 517
19.1 Preventing Confounding 517
19.2 Simpson's Paradox 518
19.3 Mantel-Haenszel Methods 520
19.4 Interaction 526
Appendix A 539
Appendix B 541
Appendix C 545
Appendix D 549
Appendix E 555
Appendix F 557
Answers to Odd-Numbered Exercises 561
Index 633
