Table of Contents
Foreword 8
Freehand Drawing 11
Basic Principles of Freehand Drawing 12
Distinctions and terms 12
Design medium 14
Instrument of communication 15
Perception 16
Tools and Techniques 18
Drawing substrates 18
Lines and the instruments for drawing them 26
Surfaces and the instruments for drawing them 36
Special instruments used in architectural design 47
Freehand Drawing in Architectural Design 49
Drawing types 49
Indicators of scale 65
Continuing the design 69
Architectural Drawing on Site 71
Drawing types 71
Perspective drawing 74
Aids 82
Further Development 89
As-built drawing 89
Digitalisation and image editing 89
In Conclusion 94
Technical Drawing 97
Projection Types 99
Top view (or roof plan) 99
Plan view 99
Elevation 100
Section 100
Three-dimensional views 102
Principles of Representation 104
Aids 104
Paper formats and paper types 106
Scale 108
Lines 109
Hatching 111
Labelling 112
Dimensioning 114
Planning Stages 120
Determining basics 120
Preliminary design drawing 120
Presentation plans 129
Design planning 132
Planning permission 140
Working plans 142
Specialist planning 153
Plan Presentation 156
Plan composition 156
Plan header 156
Plan distribution 158
Detail Drawing 163
Introduction 165
Basics and Requirements 166
Explanation of terms, and their use in detail drawings 166
General requirements for a detail drawings 167
Specific Requirements 172
Timing within the Design Process 173
Work Processes 173
Components of Detail Drawings 174
Lines 174
Hatching 175
Pattern lines 180
Inserting dimensions 181
Annotations 186
Annotation systems 190
Preparation 193
Selection of area to be detailed 193
Forms of representation 195
Defining the area to be represented 200
Selecting the scale of the drawing 200
Example of the Process of Producing a Detail Drawing 204
Objective-Based Detail Design 220
Choice of Medium 224
Modelbuilding 233
The Architectural Model as a Means of Representation 234
Types of Models 237
Conceptual models (without a concrete scale) 238
Urban design and landscape models, site and topography 239
Architectural/building models 242
Interior models 243
Detailed models 245
Design and Concept Development 247
Color and materials 247
Composition and proportion 248
Abstraction and level of detail 249
Equipment, Tools and Techniques 252
Cutting 252
Gluing 256
Modelling, shaping and casting 259
Machines in the modelling workshop 261
Hot wire cutters 266
Digital model making 267
Materials 274
Paper, paperboard and cardboard 275
Wood and wood-based materials 279
Metals 284
Plastics 287
Paints and varnishes 292
Piaster, clay and modelling clays 293
Accessories: trees, figures and cars 295
From Drawing to Model - Steps and Approaches 298
A few preliminary thoughts 298
The mounting board 298
Making individual building elements 300
Assembling the elements 303
Final tasks and accessories 304
Presentation 305
In Conclusion 306
Architectural Photography 309
Introduction 311
Fundamentals of Photography 313
Optics 313
Principles of representation 314
Recording the image 318
The Camera 321
Image quality 321
Objectives 322
Control elements 324
Camera types 327
Accessories 332
Image Analysis 333
Image factor: content 334
Image factor: reproduction 340
Image factor: graphics 345
The Photograph 351
The series 351
Divergent lines 352
Order 352
Weather 355
Interior shots 356
Artificial light 356
Construction sites 359
Photographing models 360
Processing the Image 362
Scanning 362
Importing images 362
Selecting images 363
Image Editing 364
Resolution 364
Colors 365
Storage formats 366
Parameters 367
Correcting image errors 368
Retouching 369
Special techniques 370
The image as end product 371
The Architect and Communications Media 373
In Conclusion 375
Appendix 377
Literature 378
Guidelines, Standards and Checklists 381
Picture Credits 389
The Authors 395
