Behind the Enigma: The Authorized History of GCHQ, Britain's Secret Cyber-Intelligence Agency
The definitive history of GCHQ, one of the world’s most tight-lipped intelligence agencies, written with unprecedented access to classified archives.

For a hundred years GCHQ – Government Communications Headquarters – has been at the forefront of British secret statecraft. Born out of the need to support military operations in the First World War, and fought over ever since, today it is the UK's biggest intelligence, security and cyber agency and a powerful tool of the British state.

Famed primarily for its codebreaking achievements at Bletchley Park against Enigma ciphers in the Second World War, GCHQ has intercepted, interpreted and disrupted the information networks of Britain's foes for a century, and yet it remains the least known and understood of British intelligence services.

It has been one of the most open-minded, too: GCHQ has always demanded a diversity of intellectual firepower, finding it in places which strike us as ground-breaking today, and allying it to the efforts of ordinary men and women to achieve extraordinary insights in war, diplomacy and peace. GCHQ shapes British decision-making more than any other intelligence organisation and, along with its partners in the Five Eyes intelligence partnership-including the United States' National Security Agency-has become ever more crucial in an age governed by information technology.

Based on unprecedented access to documents in GCHQ's archive, many of them hitherto classified, this is the first book to authoritatively explain the entire history of one of the world's most potent intelligence agencies. Many major contemporary conflicts-between Russia and the West, between Arab nations and Israel, between state security and terrorism-become fully explicable only in the light of the secret intelligence record. Written by one of the world's leading experts in intelligence and strategy, Behind the Enigma reveals the fascinating truth behind this most remarkable and enigmatic of organisations.

1130946598
Behind the Enigma: The Authorized History of GCHQ, Britain's Secret Cyber-Intelligence Agency
The definitive history of GCHQ, one of the world’s most tight-lipped intelligence agencies, written with unprecedented access to classified archives.

For a hundred years GCHQ – Government Communications Headquarters – has been at the forefront of British secret statecraft. Born out of the need to support military operations in the First World War, and fought over ever since, today it is the UK's biggest intelligence, security and cyber agency and a powerful tool of the British state.

Famed primarily for its codebreaking achievements at Bletchley Park against Enigma ciphers in the Second World War, GCHQ has intercepted, interpreted and disrupted the information networks of Britain's foes for a century, and yet it remains the least known and understood of British intelligence services.

It has been one of the most open-minded, too: GCHQ has always demanded a diversity of intellectual firepower, finding it in places which strike us as ground-breaking today, and allying it to the efforts of ordinary men and women to achieve extraordinary insights in war, diplomacy and peace. GCHQ shapes British decision-making more than any other intelligence organisation and, along with its partners in the Five Eyes intelligence partnership-including the United States' National Security Agency-has become ever more crucial in an age governed by information technology.

Based on unprecedented access to documents in GCHQ's archive, many of them hitherto classified, this is the first book to authoritatively explain the entire history of one of the world's most potent intelligence agencies. Many major contemporary conflicts-between Russia and the West, between Arab nations and Israel, between state security and terrorism-become fully explicable only in the light of the secret intelligence record. Written by one of the world's leading experts in intelligence and strategy, Behind the Enigma reveals the fascinating truth behind this most remarkable and enigmatic of organisations.

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Behind the Enigma: The Authorized History of GCHQ, Britain's Secret Cyber-Intelligence Agency

Behind the Enigma: The Authorized History of GCHQ, Britain's Secret Cyber-Intelligence Agency

by John Ferris
Behind the Enigma: The Authorized History of GCHQ, Britain's Secret Cyber-Intelligence Agency

Behind the Enigma: The Authorized History of GCHQ, Britain's Secret Cyber-Intelligence Agency

by John Ferris

Hardcover

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Overview

The definitive history of GCHQ, one of the world’s most tight-lipped intelligence agencies, written with unprecedented access to classified archives.

For a hundred years GCHQ – Government Communications Headquarters – has been at the forefront of British secret statecraft. Born out of the need to support military operations in the First World War, and fought over ever since, today it is the UK's biggest intelligence, security and cyber agency and a powerful tool of the British state.

Famed primarily for its codebreaking achievements at Bletchley Park against Enigma ciphers in the Second World War, GCHQ has intercepted, interpreted and disrupted the information networks of Britain's foes for a century, and yet it remains the least known and understood of British intelligence services.

It has been one of the most open-minded, too: GCHQ has always demanded a diversity of intellectual firepower, finding it in places which strike us as ground-breaking today, and allying it to the efforts of ordinary men and women to achieve extraordinary insights in war, diplomacy and peace. GCHQ shapes British decision-making more than any other intelligence organisation and, along with its partners in the Five Eyes intelligence partnership-including the United States' National Security Agency-has become ever more crucial in an age governed by information technology.

Based on unprecedented access to documents in GCHQ's archive, many of them hitherto classified, this is the first book to authoritatively explain the entire history of one of the world's most potent intelligence agencies. Many major contemporary conflicts-between Russia and the West, between Arab nations and Israel, between state security and terrorism-become fully explicable only in the light of the secret intelligence record. Written by one of the world's leading experts in intelligence and strategy, Behind the Enigma reveals the fascinating truth behind this most remarkable and enigmatic of organisations.


Product Details

ISBN-13: 9781635574654
Publisher: Bloomsbury USA
Publication date: 10/20/2020
Pages: 848
Product dimensions: 6.40(w) x 9.30(h) x 2.10(d)

About the Author

John Ferris is a professor of history at the University of Calgary, where he is also a fellow at the Centre for Military and Strategic Studies. He received a PhD in war studies from King's College London. He is the author of numerous academic articles on diplomatic intelligence and military history, as well as on contemporary strategy and intelligence. He lives in Calgary, Canada.

Table of Contents

Foreword xi

Introduction 1

1 The Origins of Modem British Sigint, 1844-1914 9

Comint and Empire 9

Victorian Intelligence and the Information Revolution 15

The Edwardian Roots of British Sigint 18

Cryptography 25

The Comint Revolution 27

2 Britain and the Birth of Signals Intelligence, 1914-18 29

The Emergence of Sigint 29

The Emergence of Comint 34

Sigint at Sea 38

Military Sigint 45

Blockade and Diplomatic Comint 50

Siginters 54

Women Siginters 59

Sigint Alliances 62

Sigint and British Victory 63

3 Whitehall's Black Chamber: British Cryptology and the Government Code & Cypher School, 1919-39 66

The Politics of Sigint 67

Sigint Between the Wars 77

The Government Code & Cypher School 81

Interwar Siginters 86

Military Sigint 94

Defence 98

Attack 105

Codebreaking 112

4 Cryptanalysis and British Foreign Policy, 1919-39 117

Comint and Naval Arms Limitation, 1921-36 121

Judging the Effect of Diplomatic Comint 127

Comint and British Policy in the Middle East, 1919-23 129

Conspiracies and Conspirators: 1919-22 130

The Chanak Crisis 134

Comint at Chanak 136

Lausanne and Later 140

Comint and the Main Enemy, 1919-39 141

Intelligence, Appeasement and the Road to War, 1933-39 149

The Anti-Comintern Pact 153

Comint and Strategy 158

Conclusions 162

5 Bletchley 163

Decline of a Black Chamber 164

The Road to Bletchley Park 168

The Limits to Preadaptation 173

Diversity and Union 176

The Turing Test 182

Craft to Industry 189

The Struggle for Sigint 195

Sigint and Intelligence 201

A Crisis in Comint 205

The Problem of the Trinity 213

Acting on Intelligence 220

6 Ultra and the Second World War, 1939-45 223

Axis Swords, British Shield 225

The Turning Point 230

Ultra and Its Enemies 231

Sigint and Strike Warfare 235

Sigint at Sea, 1940-43 238

Ultra and the Mediterranean Strategy 243

Stormy Weather 248

Tsunami 252

Ultra and the Strategy of Overthrow 254

Ultra and Overlord 259

British Sigint and the Pacific War 263

Conclusion 264

7 Cheltenham: GCHQ, Britain and Whitehall, 1945-92 267

Strategy and Power 267

Cryptology and Intelligence 268

Politics and Path Dependency 271

Autonomy on a Margin 280

Masters and Commanders 286

The Directors 293

Rise and Stagnation 295

High Tide 304

Decline 312

Rise Again 316

Coming in from the Cold War 323

8 UKUSA and the International Politics of Sigint, 1941-92 324

The Path Dependency of Politics 324

The Emergence of UKUSA 326

Getting to Know You 330

Friendships and Frictions 335

Towards a Genlman's Agreement 340

UKUSA: Secrets and Rules 345

UKUSA in Practice 349

Hands Across the Water 353

Two Eyes 360

Three Eyes 370

UKUSA: Crises and Friction 377

The Suez Crisis, 1956 377

Exchange during the Middle Cold War 380

Personalities and Friction 382

Lessons Learned 384

Enemies and Third Parties 386

9 'We Want to Be Cheltonians': The Department 390

Recruitment and Retention 399

After Avowal 403

The Department 407

Specialists 412

Linguists 418

Comint and Technology 424

How Computers Came to Cheltenham 426

The Birth of Computerised Cryptanalysis in Britain 430

GCHQ and the British Computing industry 432

The Rise of Computerised Cryptanalysis in Britain 434

10 Just Who Are These Guys, Anyway? A Hiorical-Sociological Analysis of GCHQ, 1939-89 437

Women at GCHQ 437

British or Not? 452

Character Defects? 457

Outstations 460

Strife and Strikes 465

The Union Ban 472

11 Intercept to End Product: the Collection, Processing and Dissemination of Sigint, 1945-92 480

Forms of Collection 482

The Story of H 485

Codebreakers 489

Modes of Analysis 492

Consumers and Consumption 495

End Product and Its Effect 498

12 GCHQ vs the Main Enemy: Signals Intelligence and the Cold War, 1945-91 502

The Echo of Ultra, 1945-53 503

British Sigint and NATO Strategy 509

Sanitisation and Strategy 512

Formal and Informal Estimates 515

Strategic Forces 518

Economic and Technological Intelligence 522

The Early Cold War: Challenge and Response 525

GCHQ and Crises in the Early Cold War 527

GCHQ and the Middle Cold War 534

The Test of Czechoslovakia 537

Living in the Force: the High Cold War 543

GCHQ and Crises during the Later Cold War 545

At the Cold War's End 549

13 Comint and the End of Empire, 1945-82: Palestine, Konfrontasi and the Falkland Islands 552

Sigint and the End of the Palestine Mandate, 1944-48 554

The Anglo-Zionist Divorce 554

An Intelligence Struggle 557

Comint in Palestine 564

Operation Agatha 568

Attlee and Irgun 571

After the Fall 577

Konfrontasi: Living Dangerously 580

Sigint Preparation of the Battlefield 584

Comint and Claret 589

Reconsidering Konfrontasi 594

So What? 603

Sigint and the Falklands Conflict 606

Origins and Impulse 606

Wrong-footing to War 612

GCHQ and the Outbreak of the Falklands Conflict 614

GCHQ and the Falklands Conflict 621

Crisis and Recalibration 624

Approaching a New Age of Sigint 631

The General Belgrano 635

To San Carlos Sound 641

To Port Stanley 647

Professional Deformations 654

14 Secrecy, Translucency and Oversight, 1830-1019 658

Comsec and Communications-Electronic Security, 1945-92 658

The Contradictions of Secrecy 664

Coming Out: Scandal and Avowal 671

15 GCHQ and the Second Age of Sigint, 1990-2020 676

Coming in from the Cold War 676

Reinvention 680

On the Cyber Commons 687

Cyber Intelligence, Terrorism and Strife 692

From Secrecy to Translucency 698

The National Cyber Security Centre and the Cyber Commons 705

Conclusion 714

Appendix: GCHQ by the Numbers, 1960-95 717

Notes 730

Acknowledgements 805

Index 807

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