Bioethics: Principles, Issues, and Cases / Edition 3 available in Paperback
Bioethics: Principles, Issues, and Cases / Edition 3
- ISBN-10:
- 0190250100
- ISBN-13:
- 9780190250102
- Pub. Date:
- 07/15/2016
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- ISBN-10:
- 0190250100
- ISBN-13:
- 9780190250102
- Pub. Date:
- 07/15/2016
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
Bioethics: Principles, Issues, and Cases / Edition 3
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Overview
Product Details
ISBN-13: | 9780190250102 |
---|---|
Publisher: | Oxford University Press |
Publication date: | 07/15/2016 |
Edition description: | Older Edition |
Pages: | 832 |
Product dimensions: | 7.50(w) x 9.10(h) x 1.20(d) |
About the Author
Table of Contents
Preface xii
Part I Principles and Theories 1
Chapter 1 Moral Reasoning in Bioethics 3
Ethics and Bioethics 3
Ethics and the Moral Life 5
In Depth: Morality and the Law 7
Moral Principles in Bioethics 8
Autonomy 9
Nonmaleficence 10
Beneficence 10
Utility 11
Justice 12
Ethical Relativism 13
In Depth: Anthropology and Moral Diversity 14
Ethics and Religion 17
Moral Arguments 19
Argument Fundamentals 19
Patterns of Moral Arguments 22
Review: Valid and Invalid Argument Forms 23
In Depth: Fallacies in Moral Reasoning 24
Evaluating Premises 26
Assessing Whole Arguments 28
Obstacles to Critical Reasoning 29
Denying Contrary Evidence 30
Looking for Confirming Evidence 30
Motivated Reasoning 31
Preferring Available Evidence 32
The Dunning-Kruger Effect 33
Key Terms 34
Summary 34
Argument Exercises 35
Further Reading 36
Notes 37
Chapter 2 Bioethics and Moral Theories 38
The Nature of Moral Theories 38
Influential Moral Theories 39
Utilitarianism 40
In Depth: Utilitarianism and the Golden Rule 42
Kantian Ethics 42
Principlism 44
Natural Law Theory 45
Rawls's Contract Theory 47
Virtue Ethics 49
In Depth: Can Virtue Be Taught? 50
The Ethics of Care 50
Feminist Ethics 51
Casuistry 52
Criteria for Judging Moral Theories 53
Review: Evaluating Moral Theories: Criteria of Adequacy 54
Applying the Criteria 54
Utilitarianism 55
Kant's Theory 56
Key Terms 57
Summary 57
Further Reading 58
Notes 58
Readings 59
"Utilitarianism," John Stuart Mill 59
"The Moral Law," Immanuel Kant 62
Nicomachean Ethics Aristotle 67
"The Need for More Than Justice," Annette C. Baier 78
"Moral Saints," Susan Wolf 86
Part 2 Medical Professional and Patient 95
Chapter 3 Paternalism and Patient Autonomy 97
Shades of Autonomy and Paternalism 97
Refusing Treatment 98
In Depth: Physician Autonomy 100
Futile Treatment 100
Legal Brief: Advance Directives 101
Legal Brief: Refusing Treatment for Children on Religious Grounds 102
In Depth: CPR and DNR 103
In Depth: Moral Conflicts in Nursing 103
Classic Case File: Elizabeth Bouvia 104
Applying Major Theories 105
Key Terms 106
Summary 106
Cases for Evaluation 107
Further Reading 109
Notes 110
Readings 110
"Paternalism," Gerald Dworkin 110
"The Refutation of Medical Paternalism," Alan Goldman 120
"Why Doctors Should Intervene," Terrence F. Ackerman 126
"Autonomy, Futility, and the Limits of Medicine," Robert L. Schwartz 131
"Four Models of the Physician-Patient Relationship," Ezekiel J. Emanuel Linda L. Emanuel 136
"Confronting Death: Who Chooses, Who Controls? A Dialogue Between Dax Cowart and Robert Burt," Dax Cowart Robert Burt 146
Bouvia v. Superior Court, California Court of Appeal 156
"Fundamental Elements of the Patient-Physician Relationship," AMA Council on Ethical and Judicial Affairs 161
"Advocacy or Subservience for the Sake of Patients?" Helga Kuhse 162
Chapter 4 Truth-Telling and Confidentiality 170
Paternalism and Deception 170
In Depth: Do Patients Want the Truth? Do Physicians Tell It? 171
Confidential Truths 173
Legal Brief: Confidentiality and a Duty to Warn 174
In Depth: Truth-Telling and Cultural Diversity 175
Classic Case File: Carlos R. 176
Applying Major Theories 177
Key Terms 178
Summary 178
Cases for Evaluation 178
Further Reading 180
Notes 180
Readings 181
"On Telling Patients the Truth," Mack Lipkin 181
"Is It Ever Ok to Lie to Patients?" Shelly K. Schwartz 183
"Why Privacy Is Important," James Rachels 186
"Confidentiality in Medicine-A Decrepit Concept," Mark Siegler 192
Tarasoff v. Regents of the University of California, Supreme Court of California 195
Chapter 5 Informed Consent 200
Autonomy and Consent 200
Conditions of Informed Consent 201
In Depth; Decision-Making Capacity 203
In Depth: Two Views of Informed Consent 205
Legal Brief: Important Informed Consent Cases 206
Applying Major Theories 207
Classic Case File: Jerry Canterbury 208
Key Terms 209
Summary 209
Cases for Evaluation 210
Further Reading 212
Notes 212
Readings 212
"The Concept of Informed Consent," Ruth R. Faden Tom L. Beauchamp 212
"Informed Consent-Must It Remain a Fairy Tale?" Jay Katz 217
"Transparency: Informed Consent in Primary Care," Howard Brady 227
Canterbury v. Spence, United States Court of Appeals 234
Chapter 6 Human Research 238
The Science of Clinical Trials 239
In Depth: The Tuskegee Tragedy 240
Beneficence, Science, and Placebos 241
Science and Informed Consent 244
In Depth: Women in Clinical Trials 245
Research on the Vulnerable 246
In Depth: Why Enter a Clinical Trial? 247
Applying Major Theories 250
Key Terms 251
Summary 251
Classic Case File: The UCLA Schizophrenia Study 252
Cases for Evaluation 253
Further Reading 257
Notes 257
Readings 258
The Nuremberg Code 258
Declaration of Helsinki: Ethical Principles for Medical Research Involving Human Subjects, World Medical Association 259
"The Belmont Report," The National Commission for the Protection of Human Subjects of Biomedical and Behavioral Research 262
"Final Report: Human Radiation Experiments," Advisory Committee, on Human Radiation Experiments 265
"Of Mice but Not Men: Problems of the Randomized Clinical Trial," Samuel Hellman Deborah S. Hellman 271
"A Response to a Purported Ethical Difficulty with Randomized Clinical Trials Involving Cancer Patients," Benjamin Freedman 277
"Racism and Research: The Case of the Tuskegee Syphilis Study," Allan M. Brandt 281
"The Ethics of Clinical Research in the Third World," Marcia Angell 293
"Ethical Issues in Clinical Trials in Developing Countries," Baruch Brody 297
Part 3 Life and Death 303
Chapter 7 Abortion 305
Starting Point: The Basics 305
Fact File: U.S. Abortions 306
In Depth: Abortion and Public Opinion 2021 309
The Legal Struggle 310
In Depth: Abortions Performed Later in Pregnancy 311
Persons and Rights 312
In Depth: Does a Fetus Feel Pain? 315
Applying Major Theories 316
Key Terms 317
Summary 317
Classic Case File: Nancy Klein 318
Cases for Evaluation 319
Further Reading 322
Notes 322
Readings 323
"A Defense of Abortion," Judith Jarvis Thomson 323
"Why Abortion Is Immoral," Don Marquis 334
"On the Moral and Legal Status of Abortion," Mary Anne Warren 346
"Abortion and the Concept of a Person," Jane English 357
"Abortion," Margaret Olivia Little 364
"Abortion Through a Feminist Ethics Lens," Susan Sherwin 369
Roe v. Wade, United States Supreme Court 378
Planned Parenthood of Southeastern Pennsylvania v. Casey, United States Supreme Court 384
Chapter 8 Reproductive Technology 391
In Vitro Fertilization 391
Fact File: Assisted Reproduction 392
In Depth: "Savior Siblings" 395
Surrogacy 397
In Depth: IVF and Children's Future Children 398
Cloning 400
In Depth; Cloning Time Line 403
Applying Major Theories 404
Key Terms 404
In Depth: Sherri Shepherd: How Surrogacy Can Go Wrong 405
Summary 405
Classic Case File: Baby M 406
Cases for Evaluation 407
Further Reading 409
Notes 410
Readings 411
"IVF: The Simple Case," Peter Singer 411
"The Presumptive Primacy of Procreative Liberty," John A. Robertson 415
"Surrogate Mothering: Exploitation or Empowerment?" Laura M. Purdy 422
"Is Women's Labor a Commodity?" Elizabeth S. Anderson 432
"Egg Donation and Commodification," Bonnie Steinbock 445
"Cloning Human Beings: An Assessment of the Ethical Issues Pro and Con," Dan W. Brock 454
Chapter 9 Genetic Choices 466
Genes and Genomes 466
Genetic Testing 467
Gene Therapy 473
Fact File: Genetic Testing for Cancer Risk 475
Stem Cells 478
Fact File: New Developments in Gene Therapy 479
Applying Major Theories 481
Classic Case File: The Kingsburys 482
Key Terms 483
Summary 483
Cases for Evaluation 483
Further Reading 486
Notes 486
Readings 487
"Genetics and Reproductive Risk: Can Having Children Be Immoral?" Laura M. Purdy 487
"The Morality of Screening for Disability," Jeff McMahan 494
"Genetic Dilemmas and the Child's Right to an Open Future," Dena S. Davis 498
"Disowning Knowledge: Issues in Genetic Testing," Robert Wachbroit 509
"The Non-Identity Problem and Genetic Harms-The Case of Wrongful Handicaps," Dan W. Brock 513
"Is Gene Therapy a Form of Eugenics?" John Harris 518
"Genetic Enhancement," Walter Glannon 524
"Genetic Interventions and the Ethics of Enhancement of Human Beings," Julian Savulescu 529
"Germ-Line Gene Therapy," LeRoy Walters Julie Gage Palmer 538
"What Does 'Respect for Embryos' Mean in the Context of Stem Cell Research?" Bonnie Steinbock 546
Declaration on the Production and the Scientific and Therapeutic Use of Human Embryonic Stem Cells, Pontifical Academy for Life 549
Chapter 10 Euthanasia and Physician-Assisted Suicide 551
Deciding Life and Death 552
Legal Brief: Euthanasia and Assisted Suicide: Major Developments 554
In Depth: Assisted Suicide: What Do Doctors Think? 555
Autonomy, Mercy, and Harm 556
In Depth: Oregon's Death with Dignity Act 558
In Depth: End-of-Life Decisions in the Netherlands 560
Applying Major Theories 560
In Depth: Physician-Assisted Suicide and Public Opinion 561
Classic Case File: Nancy Cruzan 562
Key Terms 563
Summary 563
Cases for Evaluation 564
Further Reading 567
Notes 568
Readings 568
"Death and Dignity: A Case of Individualized Decision Making," Timothy E. Quill 568
"Voluntary Active Euthanasia," Dan W. Brock 572
"When Self-Determination Runs Amok," Daniel Callahan 584
"Active and Passive Euthanasia," James Rachels 589
"Dying at the Right Time: Reflections on (Un) Assisted Suicide," John Hardwig 593
"The Philosophers' Brief," Ronald Dworkin Thomas Nagel Robert Nozick John Rawls Thomas Scanlon Judith Jarvis Thomson 604
"Legalizing Assisted Dying Is Dangerous for Disabled People," Liz Carr 613
"For Now Have I My Death' 1: The 'Duty to Die' Versus the Duty to Help the Ill Stay Alive," Felicia Ackerman 615
Vacco v. Quill, United States Supreme Court 626
Part 4 Justice and Health Care 629
Chapter 11 Dividing Up Health Care Resources 631
Health Care in Trouble 631
Fact File: U.S. Health Care 634
Theories of Justice 635
In Depth: Comparing Health Care Systems: United States, Canada, and Germany 636
A Right to Health Care 638
In Depth: Public Health and Bioethics 639
The Ethics of Rationing 640
Classic Case File: Christine deMeurers 642
Key Terms 644
Summary 644
Cases for Evaluation 645
Further Reading 648
Notes 648
Readings 649
"Is There a Right to Health Care and, If So, What Does It Encompass?," Norman Daniels 649
"The Right to a Decent Minimum of Health Care," Allen E. Buchanan 656
"Rights to Health Care, Social Justice, and Fairness in Health Care Allocations: Frustrations in the Face of Finitude," H. Tristram Engelhardt, Jr. 662
"Mirror, Mirror 2017: International Comparison Reflects Flaws and Opportunities for Better U.S. Health Care," Eric C. Schneider Dana O. Sarnak David Squires, et al. 670
"Public Health Ethics: Mapping the Terrain," James F. Childress Ruth R. Faden Ruth D. Gaare, et al. 675
"Human Rights Approach to Public Health Policy," D. Tarantola S. Gruskin 686
Chapter 12 Pandemic Ethics 697
Pandemic Facts 698
When Resources Are Scarce 699
Personal Choices 702
In Depth: The Privilege of Social Distancing 704
Covid Falsehoods 705
In Depth: Against Pandemic Falsehoods 707
Key Terms 708
Summary 708
Cases for Evaluation 709
Further Reading 711
Notes 711
Readings 712
"Why Some Americans Refuse to Social Distance and Wear Masks," Michael Sandel with Colleen Walsh 712
"Fair Allocation of Scarce Medical Resources in the Time of Covid-19," Ezekiel J. Emanuel Govind Persad Ross Upshur, et al. 715
"ICU Triage: How Many Lives or Whose Lives?" Angela Ballantyne 722
Chapter 13 Race, Racial Bias, and Health Care 725
Race and Racism 725
Health Disparities and Race 731
Implicit Bias in Health Care 733
In Depth: Can Implicit Biases Be Changed? 735
Racial Profiling in Medicine 735
Key Terms 737
Summary 737
Cases for Evaluation 738
Further Reading 739
Notes 739
Reading 740
"Racial Profiling in Medicine," Michael Root 740
Appendix 749
Glossary 751
Index 755