Table of Contents
Preface v
List of Contributing Authors xi
1 Ceramic polymer composites for hard tissue applications Sunita Prem Victor Chandra P. Sharma 1
1.1 Introduction 1
1.2 Polyethylene based composites 3
1.3 Polymethymethacrylate based composites 6
1.4 Polyester based composites 7
1.5 Chitosan based composites 10
1.6 Future Scope 11
1.7 Conclusion 12
References 12
2 HAp-metal based biocomposite coatings and characteristics of plasma-deposited HAp-Ti/Ti6Al4V coatings Xuan Zhou Ramesh K. Guduru 17
2.1 Introduction 17
2.2 HAp-Ti/Ti6Al4V based composites 18
2.2.1 Hydroxyapatite (HAp) 18
2.2.2 Titanium and its alloys 19
2.3 Plasma Spray of HAp-Ti/Ti6Al4V based composites 20
2.4 Property requirement of biocomposites 21
2.4.1 Mechanical properties 22
2.4.2 Biocompatibility 22
2.4.3 Bioactivity 23
2.5 Property evaluation 23
2.5.1 Bond strength 23
2.5.2 Corrosion behavior evaluation 24
2.5.3 Immersion test in simulated body fluid 24
2.6 Plasma sprayed HAp-(Ti/Ti6Al4V) based composite coatings 25
2.6.1 Bond strength of plasma-sprayed HAp-(Ti/Ti6Al4V) based composite coatings 25
2.6.2 Electrochemical corrosion behavior of plasma-sprayed HAp-(Ti/Ti6Al4V) based composite coatings 27
2.6.3 Immersion behavior of plasma sprayed HAp-(Ti/Ti6Al4V) based composite coatings 27
2.7 Conclusions 29
References 29
3 Hydrogels based on poly(vinylalcohol) for cartilage replacement Julieta Volpe Lucía M. Masi Vera A. Alvarez Jimena S. Gonzalez 33
3.1 Hydrogels: General Ideas 33
3.2 Main properties of hydrogels 34
3.3 Hydrogels as biomaterials 37
3.4 Polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) hydrogels: General characteristics 38
3.5 PVA hydrogels for biomedical applications 40
3.6 Cartilage: A brief description 41
3.7 Articular cartilage: Architecture and composition 41
3.8 Articular cartilage: Mechanical properties 43
3.9 Frequent medical issues relating to cartilage: Degeneration and osteoarthritis 44
3.10 Materials used as articular replacement 44
Conclusions 46
Acknowledgments 46
References 46
4 Polymer composites for cemented total hip replacements S. Arun P. S. Rama Sreekanth S. Kanagaraj 53
4.1 Introduction 53
4.1.1 Understanding hip joint prosthesis and fixation techniques 53
4.1.2 Economic and clinical factors surrounding revision surgeries 56
4.2 UHMWPE composites 57
4.3 PMMA composites 60
Summary 63
Future scope 63
References 64
5 Bioresorbable composites for bone repair Sandra Pina José M.F. Ferreira 69
5.1 Introduction 69
5.2 Bioresorbable materials 73
5.2.1 Polymers 73
5.2.1.1 Polyglycolic acid - PGA 73
5.2.1.2 Polylactic acid - PLA 74
5.2.1.3 PGA-PLA copolymers 76
5.2.1.4 Poly ε-caprolactone - PCL 76
5.2.2 Bioactive ceramics 77
5.3 Composites manufacturing methods 78
5.4 Clinical applications of bioresorbable composites for bone repair 79
5.5 Conclusions 80
References 81
6 Bioactive glasses and glass-ceramics G. El-Damrawi H. Doweidar 89
6.1 Biodental metals, ceramics and bioactive glass-ceramics; historical background 89
6.2 Metallic implant materials 89
6.2.1 Gold alloys 90
6.2.2 Dental amalgam 90
6.3 Glass-ceramics and bioactive glass-ceramics 90
6.3.1 Commercial glass-ceramic products 91
6.3.2 Protective glass-ceramic 91
6.3.3 Bioceramics 92
6.4 Preparation techniques 92
6.5 Structure of glass-ceramics 94
6.6 Crystallinity enhancement 96
6.6.1 By adding activator agents 96
6.6.2 By sintering process 98
6.7 Dental glass-ceramics 98
6.8 Bioactive glass-ceramics 99
6.9 In vitro and in vivo test for bioactivity 101
References 104
7 Metal oxide-based one-dimensional titania nanostructures via electrospinning: Characterization and antimicrobial applications M. Shamshi Hassan Touseef Amna Mohamed Bououdina Myung-Seob Khil 107
7.1 Introduction 107
7.2 General routes/procedures for the synthesis of nanofibers 109
7.3 Electrospinning process 109
7.4 General applications of electrospun nanofibers 111
7.5 Antimicrobial applications of metal oxide-based nanotextured materials/nanofibers 112
7.6 Concept of doping and composite nanofibers 113
7.7 Development of pristine TiO2 nanofibers via electrospinning technique 114
7.8 Doping of titania with metal oxide 117
7.8.1 Doping of titania with zinc 117
7.8.2 Doping of titania with copper 121
7.8.3 Doping of titania with nickel 124
7.8.4 Doping of titania with cobalt 126
7.8.5 Doping of titania with cerium 128
7.9 Plausible antibacterial mechanism of TiO2/doped-TiO2 nanostructures 131
7.10 Concluding remarks 133
Acknowledgment 134
References 134
8 Hydrogels for biomedical applications Luisa Russo Sabrina Zaccaria Maria Assunta Autiello Assunta Borzacchiello 141
8.1 Hydrogels: Classification and basic structure 141
8.1.1 In situ forming hydrogels 143
Physical crosslinking methods 143
Covalent crosslinking strategies for forming hydrogels in situ 146
8.2 Structure-properties relationship 147
8.2.1 Hydrogel mechanical properties 147
Hydrogels' time dependent properties 147
Stress strain behavior 149
8.2.2 Hydrogel swelling 150
8.3 Biomedical applications 152
8.3.1 Tissue engineering 152
8.3.2 Drug delivery 155
8.3.2.1 Design criteria for hydrogels in drug delivery 156
Incorporation of drugs 157
8.3.2.2 Drugs release from hydrogels formulations 158
Dynamic hydrogels 159
Composite hydrogels 160
Micro-nanoscale hydrogels 160
In situ forming hydrogel 161
References 162
Index 169
