Blackness in Morocco: Gnawa Identity through Music and Visual Culture

by Cynthia J. Becker

Overview

A groundbreaking study of Blackness in Morocco through the lens of visual representation

For more than thirteen centuries, caravans transported millions of enslaved people from Africa south of the Sahara into what is now the Kingdom of Morocco. Today there are no museums, plaques, or monuments that recognize this history of enslavement, but enslaved people and their descendants created the Gnawa identity that preserves this largely suppressed heritage. This pioneering book describes how Gnawa emerged as a practice associated with Blackness and enslavement by reviewing visual representation and musical traditions from the late nineteenth century to the present. 

Cynthia J. Becker addresses the historical consciousness of subaltern groups and how they give Blackness material form through modes of dress, visual art, religious ceremonies, and musical instruments in performance. She examines what it means to self-identify as Black in Morocco (a country typically associated with the Middle East and the Arab world), especially during this time of increased contemporary African migration, which has made Blackness even more visible. Her case studies draw on archival material and on her extended research in the city of Essaouira, site of the wildly popular Gnawa World Music Festival. Becker shows that Gnawa spirit possession ceremonies express the marginalization associated with enslavement and allow these unique communities to move toward healing, even as the mass-marketing of Gnawa music has resulted in some Gnawa practitioners engaging Blackness to claim legitimacy and spiritual power. 

This book challenges the framing of Africa’s cultural history into “sub-Saharan” versus “North African” or Islamic versus non-Islamic categories. Blackness in Morocco complicates how we think about the institution of slavery and its impact on North African religious and social institutions, and readers will better understand and appreciate the role of Africans in shaping global forces, including religious institutions such as Islam.

Product Details

ISBN-13:	9781517909383
Publisher:	University of Minnesota Press
Publication date:	11/17/2020
Pages:	304
Product dimensions:	7.00(w) x 10.00(h) x 0.90(d)

About the Author

Cynthia J. Becker is associate professor in the Department of History of Art and Architecture at Boston University. She is author of Amazigh Arts in Morocco: Women Shaping Berber Identity. Her writing has been published in many journals and edited volumes, including Caravans of Gold, Fragments in Time: Art, Culture, and Exchange across Medieval Saharan Africa.

Table of Contents

Preface and Acknowledgments ix

Note on Transcription and Transliteration xv

Introduction: Becoming Gnawa 1

1 From Enslavement to Gnawa: Historical Postcards and the Construction of Gnawa Identity 25

2 Black Women, Photographic Representation, and Female Agency 65

3 Fraja Performances: Geolocating Gnawa Ceremonies in the Sudan 93

4 Spirits in the Night: Blackness, Authenticity, and Potency in a Gnawa Lila 123

5 Marketing Gnawa Authenticity: The Shrine of Sidna Bilal and Hats of the Bambara 157

6 The Gnawa Guinbri: From Concealment to Exhibition 185

Conclusion: Utopian Visions and Trans-Saharan Realities 223

Appendix: Gnawa Spiritual Repertoire 233

Notes 237

Bibliography 251

Index 267

Editorial Reviews

"Absolutely groundbreaking, Blackness in Morocco is the work of a trailblazing intellect. Showing that 'blackness' is constructed in Africa as elsewhere in the world, Cynthia J. Becker demonstrates a deep commitment to Gnawa lived experience, forever changing how we understand the religions and aesthetics of Africa."—Prita Meier, author of Swahili Port Cities: The Architecture of Elsewhere

"Cynthia Becker's anthropological and artistic approaches fill many gaps in the history of Gnawa music and culture in Moroccan society. She explains lucidly how Gnawa music has been appropriated by mainstream culture and how it fits the global logic of race-making and the historical anti-blackness ideology. The most important part of this book is the epistemic agency of the Gnawa people through the narrative of songs, dance, and trance. In this regard it contributes to the epistemology of resistance."—Chouki El Hamel, author of Black Morocco: A History of Slavery, Race, and Islam

"A critical reading."— Ethnic and Racial Studies 

From the Publisher