Table of Contents
List of Exhibits and Figures xi
Preface xiii
Introduction: A Brief Sketch of Brazil and Its Place in the World 1
Chapter 1 The Birth and Growth of Colonial Brazil 9
Portuguese Arrival in the New World 9
Factors Leading Up to Cabral's Voyage 11
Early Consolidation of the Monarchy 12
Social Structure with a Merchant Class 12
Long-standing Involvement in Trade Routes 13
Too Small to Send Nationals to Settle Abroad 13
Securing the Frontiers 14
From Trading to Colonizing 15
Brazil's Colonial Economy and Its Nexus with Portugal 19
The Influence of Enlightenment Ideas 24
Conspiracies against the Portuguese 25
Chapter 2 Peoples and Dramas in the Making of the Colony 29
Hunting Indigenous People for Enslavement and the Jesuit Role 29
The Portuguese Explorers and Their Expeditions 32
The Role of the Mameluco 33
The Concept of Race as Applied to Indians in the Colony 35
The Place of African Slaves and Free Coloreds 36
The Persistence of the African in Brazilian Culture 38
Chapter 3 From Colony to Independence as a Monarchy 41
The Portuguese Court Comes to Brazil 41
Creating a New Portuguese America 43
Brazilian Hierarchies 46
The Tribulations of Brazil's First Emperor 47
Uprisings under the Regency 50
Recentralization 53
The Role of Pedro II 54
The Rise of Coffee 56
The Emerging Problems with Slavery as an Institution 60
The Question of Abolition 62
The Paraguayan War 64
Chapter 4 The Making of "Modern" Brazil 71
A New Generation and the Military Question 71
Abolition and Its Aftermath: The Brazilian Way 73
The End of the Empire 78
Selling Brazil 81
"Whitening" Brazil 82
The Reality behind the Facade 84
CoffeeFluctuations, Emerging Industry, and Urban Labor 87
The Roots of Industrialization 88
Worker Organization and Employers' Strategy 90
Evaporation of the Oligarchical Consensus 92
A Message from Below 92
Economic Strains 93
Chapter 5 Building to a Dictatorship and World War II 97
The Shock of World War I 97
The Economy after the War 99
Brazil's Uneven Development 101
New Currents in the 1920s 102
Modernism, Brazilian Style 104
Rise of Anti-Liberal Thought 105
The Disintegration of the Old Politics 107
The Revolution of 1930 108
Swing toward Centralization 110
Ideological Polarization 112
Getulio Vargas as Dictator 114
The Vargas Style 116
Corporatist Inroads 117
A New Search for National Identity 118
Juggling the International Options 120
World War II and the Rise of U.S. Influence 121
Collapse of the Dictatorship at Home 124
Chapter 6 Returning to Democracy, for a While 126
The 1945 Election and the Dutra Period 126
Vargas Returns 128
From Oligarch to Populist 129
Vargas's Legislative Program Runs into Trouble 131
Suicide 133
Population Growth, Regional Disequilibria, and Migration 136
A New President, Juscelino Kubitschek, Elected 140
Political Strategy 141
The Economic Development Program 142
Dealing with the World Economy 143
The Brief Presidency of Janio Quadros 145
The Succession of Joao Goulart 147
Populists versus the Military 148
The Economic Crisis Escalates 149
Chapter 7 Rule of the Military 153
The Generals Search for a Political Base 153
Growing Opposition, Growing Repression: 1964-1967 155
Triumph of the Hard Line 156
The Arrival of the Guerrillas 158
Brazilian Culture and the Generals 159
The Effects of Repression 166
Military Rule and Questions about Brazilian Political Tradition 168
The Economic "Miracle" Wrought by the Authoritarians 169
The Benefits and Costs of Foreign Loans 171
The Winners and Losers 172
The Road to Redemocratization 175
Battles within the Officer Corps 175
Manipulating the Electoral System 177
Chapter 8 Redemocratization-New Hope, Old Problems 180
An Unintended Succession 180
Sarney and the New Democracy 181
The Cruzado Plan 183
The Debt Crisis and the Economy 185
Lost Investment 186
The Brain Drain 187
Widening Gaps between Rich and Poor 188
Education and Health Care 191
Housing and Communications 192
Public Health: A Success Story 193
Changes Affecting Women 194
Race Relations 198
Contemporary Culture 201
The Political Spectrum in the New Democracy 202
The Collor Debacle 207
The Election 208
The Policies 209
The End 210
Another Vice President in Command 211
Back to Stabilization: The Plano Real 212
The Presidential Election of 1994 215
The Cardoso Government's First Term 216
Going for a Second Term 219
Social Justice Delayed 222
Selling Off the State 224
Brazil in the Shadow of an Argentine Default 225
Chapter 9 Brazilian Democracy Takes a New Turn: Or Does It? 229
Lula Finally Becomes Legitimate 229
The Economic Scene 230
The 2002 Presidential Campaign 230
Lula's First Steps 233
The PT in Power 235
Exports Take Center Stage as Lula Continues to Govern 237
Government Fortunes Further Reverse as the PT Tastes Scandal 240
The Last Year of Lula's First Term 243
The Economy in 2006 244
Some Hard Lessons for Lula's Socialism 245
The Landless Movement 245
Riots among the Criminal Population 246
Conflict with Bolivia over Natural Gas 247
The 2006 Presidential Campaign 248
Lula's Second Term and the Outlook Ahead 250
Lula's Luck 252
What's Next? 254
Suggestions for Further Reading 257
Index 271
