Table of Contents
Preface xv
Acknowledgements xvii
Glossary xix
Section 1 Introduction to Ideas and Measurement 1
1 One Biology, Ethics, Sentience and Sustainability 3
1.1 One Biology 3
1.2 Genes and Environment 4
1.3 Ethics 5
1.4 Attitudes to Domestic and Other Animals 7
1.5 Sentience and Animal Protection 8
1.6 Sustainability 9
1.7 Numbers of Domestic Animals 13
2 Behaviour and Welfare Concepts 14
2.1 Ethology and its Applications 14
2.2 Welfare Concepts 14
2.3 Welfare: Scientific Assessment 19
2.4 Behaviour and Animal Production 20
2.5 Behaviour and Pet Management 22
2.6 Behaviour and Veterinary Medicine 22
2.7 Questions about Behaviour 23
2.8 The Sensory Worlds of Domestic Animals 24
2.9 Pheromones 27
3 Describing, Recording and Measuring Behaviour 31
3.1 Levels of Description of Behaviour 31
3.2 Behaviour Measures During Veterinary Examination 32
3.3 Design of Experiments and Observation Procedures 34
3.4 Marking of Animals for Behaviour Studies 34
3.5 Sampling and Measuring 35
3.6 Recording Social Behaviour 38
3.7 Recording Aids 38
3.8 Field Studies 40
3.9 Test Situations 40
Section 2 Fundamental Topics 41
4 Learning, Cognition and Behaviour Development 43
4.1 Experience 43
4.2 Learning 43
4.3 Experimental Learning Studies 45
4.4 Cognition 47
4.5 Learning Ability of Domestic Animals 50
4.6 Behaviour Development: Requirements 53
4.7 Development of Domestic Chick Behaviour 53
4.8 Development in Each Functional System 54
5 Motivation 59
5.1 Motivation Concepts 59
5.2 Causal Factors 59
5.3 Motivational State 60
5.4 History of Motivation Ideas 61
5.5 Monitoring Motivation 63
5.6 Motivational Control Systems 64
5.7 Affect, Feelings, Emotions and Moods 66
5.8 Motivation, Emotion and Judgement Bias 68
5.9 Needs 69
5.10 Brain Structure and Mechanisms 71
5.11 Hormones that Affect Behaviour 74
6 Evolution and Optimality 76
6.1 Behaviour Evolution 76
6.2 Variation, Heritability and Selection 76
6.3 Ideas About Optimality and Efficiency 78
6.4 The Evolution of Social Behaviour 79
6.5 Domestication 81
7 Welfare Assessment 83
7.1 Factors Affecting Welfare 83
7.2 The Range of Measures of Welfare 83
7.3 Physiological Measures of Poor Welfare 83
7.4 Behavioural Measures 88
7.5 Measures of Pain 89
7.6 Measures of Other Negative Feelings 91
7.7 Disease, Injury, Movement and Growth Measures 92
7.8 Inhibited Behaviour and Behaviour Strategies 92
7.9 Direct Measures of Good Welfare 93
7.10 Magnitude of Good or Poor Welfare 94
7.11 Qualitative Behavioural Assessment 94
7.12 Studies of Preferences and Their Strength 96
7.13 Risk Assessment and Welfare Outcome Indicators 100
Section 3 Organization of Behaviour 101
8 Defence and Attack Behaviour 103
8.1 Defence and Avoidance 103
8.2 Agonistic Reactivity 105
8.3 Defensive Reactions to Humans by Farm Animals 107
9 Finding and Acquiring Food 108
9.1 Foraging and Control Terms 108
9.2 Graying and Browsing Behaviour 109
9.3 Finding Food 111
9.4 Ability to Obtain Food 112
9.5 Feeding 112
9.6 Meal Size and Food Selection 113
9.7 The Effects of Disturbance 116
9.8 Social Facilitation of Feeding 116
9.9 Competition and Feeding Behaviour 117
9.10 Hunger, Starvation and Inability to Obtain Food 118
9.11 Over-feeding and Obesity 119
9.12 Feeding Details for Each Species 120
10 Body Care 126
10.1 Types of Body Care Behaviour 126
10.2 Organization of Body Care 128
10.3 Grooming, Preening, Dust-bathing 128
10.4 Thermoregulatory Behaviour 130
10.5 Defecation 133
11 Locomotion and Space Occupied 136
11.1 Locomotion and Exercise 136
11.2 Postures and Movements at Rest 136
11.3 Locomotion and Gaits 137
11.4 Distance Travelled 140
11.5 The Need for Exercise 140
12 Exploration 142
12.1 When to Explore 142
12.2 The Exploratory System 142
12.3 The Functions of Exploratory Behaviour 143
12.4 Factors Affecting Exploratory Behaviour 144
12.5 Exploration and Awareness 144
13 Spacing Behaviour 145
13.1 Types of Spacing 145
13.2 Home Range 146
13.3 Territory 146
13.4 Individual Space 146
13.5 Spatial Features 147
13.6 Association versus Avoidance 147
13.7 Spatial Needs 147
13.8 Crowding 148
13.9 Spacing Behaviour for Each Species 149
14 Rest and Sleep 153
14.1 Describing Rest and Sleep 153
14.2 Postures During Sleep and Sleep Deprivation 155
14.3 Sleep for Each Species 157
Section 4 Reproductive and Social Behaviour 161
15 General Social Behaviour 163
15.1 Social Behaviour Terms 163
15.2 Groups, Packs. Flocks and Herds 164
15.3 Communication 165
15.4 Associations and Social Networks 166
15.5 Social Grouping in Each Species 167
15.6 Leaders and Followers 169
15.7 Social Facilitation 170
15.8 Social Order 170
16 Human-Domestic Animal Interactions 174
16.1 When Inter-specific Interactions Occur 174
16.2 Benefits to Those That Interact 175
17 Seasonal and Reproductive Behaviour 178
17.1 Reproductive Effort 178
17.2 Sensory Factors in Reproduction 178
17.3 Hormonal and Pheromonal Facilitation 179
17.4 Seasonal and Climatic Breeding Responses 180
18 Sexual Behaviour 183
18.1 Female Characteristics 183
18.2 Oestrus 183
18.3 Male Reproduction: Libido 190
18.4 Male Courtship 191
18.5 Male Sexual Behaviour 192
18.6 Mating Behaviour 193
Section 5 Early and Parental Behaviour 197
19 Fetal and Parturient Behaviour 199
19.1 Influences on and by the Fetus 199
19.2 Fetal Action Patterns and Movement Sequences 199
19.3 Parturient Behaviour 201
19.4 Post-partum Behaviour 208
20 Maternal and Neonatal Behaviour 210
20.1 Parental Investment 210
20.2 Initiation of Maternal Behaviour 211
20.3 Maternal Motivation 213
20.4 Milk 'Let-down' 215
20.5 Nursing and Suckling 216
20.6 The Behaviour of the Neonate 217
20.7 Neonatal Behaviour in Each Species 218
21 Juvenile and Play Behaviour 225
21.1 Juvenile Behaviour in Each Species 225
21.2 Behavioural Aspects of Weaning and Puberty 227
21.3 Play Behaviour 230
Section 6 Welfare Topics 235
22 Handling, Transport and Humane Control of Domestic Animals 237
22.1 Transport and Associated Actions 237
22.2 Ships and Vehicles Used in Transport 237
22.3 Animal Genetics and Transport 240
22.4 Rearing Conditions, Experience and Transport 240
22.5 Mixing Social Groups and Transport 240
22.6 Handling, Loading and Unloading 241
22.7 Temperature and Other Physical Conditions During Transport 244
22.8 Vehicle Driving Methods and Space Allowance 244
22.9 Feeding and Watering During Transport 246
22.10 Journey Duration 248
22.11 Disease. Welfare and Transport 250
22.12 Inspection of Animals 251
22.13 Facilities for Moving Animals 253
22.14 Pharmacological Control 255
23 Stunning and Slaughter 257
23.1 Euthanasia and Humane Killing 257
23.2 Humane Killing in the Slaughterhouse 257
23.3 Religious Slaughter Without Stunning 258
23.4 Gas Stunning and Killing 259
23.5 Low-pressure Stunning 260
23.6 Stunning and Carcass Quality 260
23.7 Mass Killing for Disease Control 260
24 Welfare and Behaviour in Relation to Disease 262
24.1 Pathogen and Parasite Effects 262
24.2 Links Between Behaviour and Disease 262
24.3 Disease and Welfare 264
24.4 Welfare and Disease Susceptibility 265
24.5 Some Adaptive Cytokine Responses to Pathology 268
24.6 Behaviour in Disease Diagnosis 269
25 Abnormal Behaviour 1: Stereotypics 272
25.1 What Is Abnormality? 272
25.2 Stereotypy Description and Causation 273
25.3 Details of Each Stereotypy 275
26 Abnormal Behaviour 2: Self-directed and Environment-directed 281
26.1 Direction of Abnormal Behaviour 281
26.2 Self-mutilation 281
26.3 Abnormal Eating 281
26.4 Polydipsia 284
27 Abnormal Behaviour 3: Addressed to Another Individual 285
27.1 Abnormal Behaviour Motivation 285
27.2 Animals Treated as Objects 285
27.3 Animals Treated as Sexual Partners 289
27.4 Animals Treated as Mother 290
27.5 Animals Treated as Rivals 291
28 Abnormal Behaviour 4: Failure of Function 294
28.1 Failure of Function 294
28.2 Inadequacies of Sexual Functioning 294
28.3 Inadequacies of Parental Behaviour 295
28.4 Abnormalities of Basic Movements 298
29 Abnormal Behaviour 5: Anomalous Reactivity 301
29.1 High or Low Reactivity 301
29.2 Prolonged Inactivity 301
29.3 Tonic Immobility 302
29.4 Unresponsiveness 302
29.5 Hyperactivity 303
29.6 Hysteria 303
Section 7 Welfare of Various Animals 305
30 Welfare of Cattle 307
30.1 Cattle Species 307
30.2 Public Perceptions of the Dairy and Beef Industries 307
30.3 Ill-treatment and Neglect 308
30.4 Feeding and Flooring 309
30.5 Welfare of Calves 310
30.6 Welfare of Beef Cattle 315
30.7 Welfare of Dairy Cows 316
30.8 Bullfighting 322
31 Welfare of Sheep and Goats 323
31.1 Sheep, Goats: Similarities and Differences 323
31.2 Welfare of Lambs 323
31.3 Farm Mutilations 324
31.4 Footrot and Other Disease 325
31.5 Outdoor and Indoor Management Systems 325
32 Welfare of Pigs 327
32.1 Basis for Pig Welfare Problems 327
32.2 Dry Sows 327
32.3 Farrowing Sows and Suckling Piglets 332
32.4 Breeding Boars 334
32.5 Piglets and Fattening Pigs 335
33 Welfare of Poultry 339
33.1 Domestic Fowl 339
33.2 Laying Hens 339
33.3 Chickens Reared for Meat 352
33.4 Turkeys 356
33.5 Ducks and Geese 357
34 Welfare of Farmed and Pet Fish 361
34.1 Species and Numbers 361
34.2 Fish Welfare, Awareness and Pain 361
34.3 Glucocorticoids in Fish 362
34.4 Impact of Terminology on Fish Welfare 363
34.5 Welfare Problems of Fish 363
34.6 Particular Concerns for Pet Fish 367
35 Welfare of Deer, Camelids and Ostriches 369
35.1 Domestication and Welfare 369
35.2 Reindeer 369
35.3 Red Deer and Other Deer Species 369
35.4 Llamas and Alpacas 370
35.5 Camels 370
35.6 Ostriches and Other Ratites 370
36 Welfare of Animals Kept for Fur Production 371
36.1 Species Used and Changes in Captivity 371
36.2 Farmed Mink 371
36.3 Ferrets 373
36.4 Farmed Foxes 373
36.5 Coypu 375
36.6 Raccoon Dogs 375
36.7 Chinchillas 376
36.8 Sable 376
37 Welfare of Horses, Other Equids and Other Draught Animals 377
37.1 Ill-treatment and Neglect 377
37.2 Riding, Whipping and Working in Relation to Welfare 378
37.3 Training Methods and Welfare 379
37.4 Surgical Operations 380
37.5 Breeding and Welfare 380
37.6 Housing and Management 380
38 Welfare of Farmed and Pet Rabbits 382
38.1 Rabbit Welfare Studies 382
38.2 Housing, Mortality and Injuries 382
38.3 Handling and Providing for Needs 383
38.4 Rabbits as Companions? 384
39 Welfare of Dogs 385
39.1 Domestication and Breeding 385
39.2 Identifying Dog Welfare Problems 386
39.3 Mutilations 386
39.4 Social and Environmental Problems 387
39.5 Harsh or Inadequate Training Methods 388
39.6 Dogs that Attack Humans or Other Animals 389
39.7 Inappropriate Feeding 390
39.8 Inadequate Treatment of Disease and Unwanted Dogs 390
40 Welfare of Cats 392
40.1 Domestication and Breeding 392
40.2 Mutilations of Cats for the Convenience of Owners 392
40.3 Unwanted Cats and Methods of Killing 393
40.4 Behaviour Problems 393
40.5 Managing the Impact of Cats on Wild Animals 395
40.6 Inappropriate Feeding 395
40.7 Inadequare Treatment of Disease 396
41 Welfare of Other Pet Animals 397
41.1 Suitability: Taken from the Wild or Bred in Captivity? 397
41.2 Small Mammals: Housing and Management 398
41.3 Birds: Housing and Management 398
41.4 Reptiles and Amphibians 399
41.5 Invertebrates 400
42 Welfare in a Moral World 401
References 405
Subject Index 513
Author Index 529
