Carbohydrate Chemistry: Fundamentals And Applications

by Raimo Alen

Overview

This book presents a comprehensive approach to the versatile and fascinating field of carbohydrate chemistry. It covers, besides the colorful historical perspective within the utilization of carbohydrates and their derivatives, all modern aspects on their properties, nomenclature, uses, and natural occurrence as such or as residues in a variety of biologically active molecules. Special emphasis is paid to various conversion techniques for producing value-added chemicals, biofuels, and other products from carbohydrate-rich renewable resources.This book can be primarily used as an advanced textbook for a wide range of readers in many disciplines; not only students and teachers but also everyone who works in the laboratory as a researcher or in production and planning or who generally needs relevant knowledge of carbohydrates.

Product Details

ISBN-13:	9789813223646
Publisher:	World Scientific Publishing Company, Incorporated
Publication date:	05/03/2018
Pages:	596
Product dimensions:	6.00(w) x 9.00(h) x 1.21(d)

Table of Contents

Preface v

1 Introduction 1

2 Historical Background of Carbohydrate Utilization and Chemistry 7

2.1 The Era Before the 1800s 7

2.2 The Time After the 1700s 20

3 Isomerism 33

3.1 General 33

3.2 Constitutional Isomerism 34

3.3 Basic Factors Influencing the Three-dimensional Compound Structures 36

3.4 Stereoisomerism 45

3.5 Racemic Modifications 52

3.6 Conformational Isomerism 62

3.7 Geometric Isomerism 66

4 Representation of Open-chain Chiral Molecules as Planar Formulas 73

4.1 The Fischer Projection 73

4.2 The Total Number of Stereoisomers 78

5 Configuration 83

5.1 Fundamental Definitions 83

5.2 Relative and Absolute Configuration 88

6 Cyclic Forms of Monosaccharides 93

6.1 Mutarotation 93

6.2 Planar Formulas 103

6.3 Naming of Conformations 107

7 Naming of Monosaccharides 121

7.1 Aldoses 121

7.2 Ketoses 126

7.3 Cyclic Forms 130

8 Carbohydrate Biosynthesis 131

8.1 Photosynthesis 131

8.2 Polysaccharides 141

9 Natural Carbohydrates and Their Derivatives 147

9.1 Monosaccharides 148

9.1.1 Aldose monosaccharides 148

9.1.2 Ketose monosaccharides 159

9.2 Monosaccharide Derivatives 166

9.2.1 Anhydrosugars 167

9.2.2 Deoxy sugars 168

9.2.3 Diols and polyalcohols 174

9.2.4 Deoxy alditols 182

9.2.5 Other polyalcohols and their derivatives 183

9.2.6 Cycloalcohols 192

9.2.7 Oxidation products - introduction 194

9.2.8 Aldonic acids and lactones 195

9.2.9 Hydroxy monocarboxylic acids and their derivatives 201

9.2.10 Hydroxy polycarboxylic acids and their derivatives 217

9.2.11 Ketoaldonic acids 235

9.2.12 Uronic acids 236

9.2.13 Nitrogen compounds 238

9.2.14 Other monosaccharide derivatives 244

9.2.15 Furans and their derivatives 246

9.3 Oligosaccharides and Their Derivatives 255

9.3.1 Disaccharides 255

9.3.2 Other oligosaccharides 269

9.3.3 Deoxy disaccharides 277

9.3.4 Disaccharide alcohols 277

9.3.5 Disaccharide uronic acids 278

9.3.6 Disaccharide nitrogen derivatives 279

9.4 Polysaccharides and Their Derivatives 280

9.4.1 Cellulose and its derivatives 281

9.4.2 Cellulose esters 301

9.4.3 Cellulose ethers 312

9.4.4 Other cellulose products 318

9.4.5 Other polysaccharides 325

10 Carbohydrate Residue-containing Substance Groups 343

10.1 Glycosides 343

10.1.1 Cardiac glycosides 347

10.1.2 Cyanogenic glycosides 354

10.1.3 Glucosinolates 357

10.1.4 Other glycosides 360

10.2 Nucleic Acids 365

10.3 Vitamins 370

10.4 Antibiotics 387

10.4.1 Aminoglycosides 390

10.4.2 Macrolides 401

10.4.3 Lincomycins 412

10.4.4 Other antibiotics 415

10.5 Other Substance Groups 426

10.5.1 Hormones 426

10.5.2 Alkaloids 428

11 Characteristic Reactions of Carbohydrates 433

11.1 Monosaccharides 433

11.2 Polysaccharides 439

12 Utilization of Biomass 447

12.1 General Aspects 447

12.2 Production of Chemicals 455

12.3 Production of Biofuels 462

12.3.1 Fischer-Tropsch process 464

12.3.2 Pyrolysis 467

12.3.3 Anaerobic digestion 469

12.3.4 Production of bioenergy 470

12.4 Chemical Delignitication 472

12.4.1 Kraft pulping 474

12.4.2 Sulfite pulping 483

12.4.3 Non-wood pulping 490

12.5 Integrated Biorefineries 492

12.5.1 Alkaline pre-treatments 493

12.5.2 Acidic pre-treatments 495

12.6 Concluding Remarks 496

Bibliography 501

Indexes 509

Index of General Subjects 511

Index of Selected Compounds 535

Index of Names of Persons 581