Chemistry: The Molecular Nature of Matter

by Neil D. Jespersen, Alison Hyslop

Overview

Chemistry: The Molecular Nature of Matter, 8th Edition bridges the invisible molecular world with observable chemical phenomena, making the abstract tangible for students at every level. This edition transforms how students understand chemistry by revealing the intimate relationship between atomic structure and the macroscopic properties they can see, touch, and measure in their daily lives.

What distinguishes this text is its revolutionary integration of real-world relevance with rigorous scientific thinking. Updated examples connect student experiences directly to chemical principles while aligning with contemporary career paths in environmental science, engineering, biology, pharmaceuticals, and medicine. The result is a learning experience where chemistry becomes not just understandable, but personally meaningful and professionally relevant.

The 8th edition's strategic focus on problem-solving mastery ensures students don't just memorize—they develop the analytical thinking skills that define scientific success. Problems progress systematically from confidence-building basics to complex applications, creating a scaffold for deep understanding and long-term retention.

Product Details

ISBN-13:	9781119130284
Publisher:	Wiley
Publication date:	11/02/2021
Edition description:	8th ed.
Pages:	1232
Product dimensions:	8.40(w) x 10.80(h) x 1.50(d)

About the Author

Neil D. Jespersen is a Professor of Chemistry at St. John’s University in New York. He earned a B.S. with Special Attainments in Chemistry at Washington and Lee University(VA), and his Ph.D. at Pennsylvania State University, specializing in Analytical Chemistry. He has received awards for excellence in teaching and research from St. John’s University, where he chaired the Department of Chemistry for 6 years. He mentored the St. John’s student ACS chapter for over 30 years while continuing to teach Quantitative and Instrumental Analysis courses, along with General Chemistry. He has been an active contributor to the Eastern Analytical Symposium, chairing it in 1991. Neil authored the Barrons AP Chemistry Study Guide; has edited 2 books on Instrumental Analysis and Thermal Analysis; and has 4 chapters in research monographs, 50 refereed publications, and 150 abstracts and presentations. He is active at the local, regional and national levels of the American Chemical Society, and served on the ACS Board of Directors and was named a Fellow of the ACS in 2013.

Alison Hyslop received her BA degree from Macalester College in 1986 and her Ph.D. from the University of Pennsylvania under the direction of Michael J. Therien in 1998. Alison currently chairs the Department of Chemistry at St. John’s University, New York where she is an Associate Professor. She has been teaching graduate and undergraduate courses since 2000. She was a visiting Assistant Professor at Trinity College (CT) from 1998 to 1999. She was a visiting scholar at Columbia University (NY) in 2005 and in 2007 and at Brooklyn College in 2009, where she worked on research projects in the laboratory of Brian Gibney. Her research focuses on the synthesis and study of porphyrin based light harvesting compounds. She was the Chair of the New York Section of the American Chemical Society in 2016, and currently serves as a Councilor to the American Chemical Society.

Table of Contents

0 A Very Brief History of Chemistry 1

0.1 Chemistry’s Important Concepts 2

0.2 Stars, Supernovas, and the Elements 3

0.3 Elements and the Earth 6

0.4 Dalton’s Atomic Theory 8

0.5 Internal Structure of the Atom 9

Tools for Problem Solving 23

Review Questions and Problems 23

1 Scientific Measurements 27

1.1 Laws and Theories: The Scientific Method 28

1.2 Matter and Its Classifications 30

1.3 Physical and Chemical Properties 34

1.4 Measurement of Physical and Chemical Properties 36

1.5 Making Measurements in the Laboratory 46

1.6 Dimensional Analysis 51

1.7 Density and Specific Gravity 55

Tools for Problem Solving 63

Review Questions and Problems 64

2 Elements, Compounds, and the Periodic Table 70

2.1 The Periodic Table 71

2.2 Metals, Nonmetals, and Metalloids 74

2.3 Molecules and Chemical Formulas 77

2.4 Chemical Reactions and Chemical Equations 84

2.5 Ionic Compounds 87

2.6 Nomenclature of Ionic Compounds 94

2.7 Molecular Compounds 98

2.8 Nomenclature of Molecular Compounds 102

Tools for Problem Solving 108

Review Questions and Problems 108

3 The Mole and Stoichiometry 115

3.1 The Mole and Avogadro’s Constant 116

3.2 The Mole, Formula Mass, and Stoichiometry 122

3.3 Chemical Formula and Percentage Composition 126

3.4 Determining Empirical and Molecular Formulas 128

3.5 Stoichiometry and Chemical Equations 136

3.6 Limiting Reactants 144

3.7 Theoretical Yield and Percentage Yield 148

Tools for Problem Solving 153

Review Questions and Problems 154

4 Molecular View of Reactions in Aqueous Solutions 163

4.1 Describing Aqueous Solutions 164

4.2 Electrolytes and Nonelectrolytes 166

4.3 Balanced Equations for Ionic Reactions 168

4.4 Introducing Acids and Bases 172

4.5 Naming Acids and Bases 180

4.6 Double Replacement (Metathesis) Reactions 181

4.7 Molarity 192

4.8 Solution Stoichiometry 198

4.9 Titrations and Chemical Analysis 203

Tools for Problem Solving 210

Review Questions and Problems 211

5 Oxidation–Reduction Reactions 219

5.1 Oxidation–Reduction Reactions 220

5.2 Balancing Redox Equations 227

5.3 Acids as Oxidizing Agents 233

5.4 Redox Reactions of Metals 236

5.5 Molecular Oxygen as an Oxidizing Agent 241

5.6 Stoichiometry of Redox Reactions 245

Tools for Problem Solving 250

Review Questions and Problems 251

6 Energy and Chemical Change 259

6.1 Energy: The Ability to Do Work 260

6.2 Heat, Temperature, and Internal Energy 263

6.3 Measuring Heat 267

6.4 Energy of Chemical Reactions 272

6.5 Heat, Work, and the First Law of Thermodynamics 274

6.6 Heats of Reaction 278

6.7 Thermochemical Equations 284

6.8 Hess’s Law 286

6.9 Standard Heats of Reaction 291

Tools for Problem Solving 300

Review Questions and Problems 301

7 The Quantum Mechanical Atom 309

7.1 Electromagnetic Radiation 311

7.2 Line Spectra and the Rydberg Equation 319

7.3 The Bohr Theory 322

7.4 The Wave Mechanical Model 324

7.5 Quantum Numbers of Electrons in Atoms 330

7.6 Electron Spin 333

7.7 Energy Levels and Ground State Electron Configurations 334

7.8 Periodic Table and Ground State Electron Configurations 337

7.9 Atomic Orbitals: Shapes and Orientations 343

7.10 Periodic Table and Properties of the Elements 347

Tools for Problem Solving 359

Review Questions and Problems 359

8 The Basics of Chemical Bonding 365

8.1 Energy Requirements for Bond Formation 366

8.2 Ionic Bonding 367

8.3 Octet Rule and Electron Configurations of Ions 371

8.4 Lewis Symbols: Keeping Track of Valence Electrons 375

8.5 Covalent Bonds 377

8.6 Bond Polarity and Electronegativity 382

8.7 Lewis Structures 387

8.8 Resonance Structures 398

8.9 Covalent Compounds of Carbon 402

Tools for Problem Solving 411

Review Questions and Problems 412

9 Theories of Bonding and Structure 418

9.1 Five Basic Molecular Geometries 420

9.2 Molecular Shapes and the Valence Shell Electron Pair Repulsion (VSEPR) Model 423

9.3 Molecular Structure and Dipole Moments 432

9.4 Valence Bond Theory 436

9.5 Hybrid Orbitals and Molecular Geometry 439

9.6 Hybrid Orbitals and Multiple Bonds 451

9.7 Molecular Orbital Theory Basics 457

9.8 Delocalized Molecular Orbitals 464

9.9 Bonding in Solids 465

9.10 Bonding of the Allotropes of the Elements 467

Tools for Problem Solving 475

Review Questions and Problems 477

10 Properties of Gases 483

10.1 A Molecular Look at Gases 484

10.2 Measurement of Pressure 485

10.3 Gas Laws 490

10.4 Stoichiometry Using Gas Volumes 496

10.5 Ideal Gas Law 501

10.6 Dalton’s Law of Partial Pressures 509

10.7 Kinetic Molecular Theory of Gases 519

10.8 Real Gases 522

Tools for Problem Solving 526

Review Questions and Problems 527

11 Intermolecular Attractions and the Properties of Liquids and Solids 533

11.1 Intermolecular Forces 535

11.2 Intermolecular Forces and Physical Properties 543

11.3 Changes of State and Dynamic Equilibria 549

11.4 Vapor Pressures of Liquids and Solids 551

11.5 Boiling Points of Liquids 553

11.6 Energy and Changes of State 555

11.7 Phase Diagrams 559

11.8 Le Chatelier’s Principle and Changes of State 563

11.9 Determining Heats of Vaporization 565

11.10 Structures of Crystalline Solids 567

11.11 Determining the Structure of Solids 575

11.12 Crystal Types and Physical Properties 577

Tools for Problem Solving 586

Review Questions and Problems 587

12 Mixtures at the Molecular Level: Properties of Solutions 595

12.1 Intermolecular Forces and the Formation of Solutions 597

12.2 Heats of Solution 600

12.3 Solubility as a Function of Temperature 604

12.4 Henry’s Law 606

12.5 Concentration Units 608

12.6 Colligative Properties 615

12.7 Heterogeneous Mixtures 633

Tools for Problem Solving 640

Review Questions and Problems 641

13 Chemical Kinetics 647

13.1 Factors that Affect the Rate of Chemical Change 648

13.2 Measuring Reaction Rates 650

13.3 Rate Laws 656

13.4 Integrated Rate Laws 665

13.5 Molecular Basis of Collision Theory 676

13.6 Molecular Basis of Transition State Theory 679

13.7 Activation Energies 682

13.8 Mechanisms of Reactions 687

13.9 Catalysts 694

Tools for Problem Solving 701

Review Questions and Problems 702

14 Chemical Equilibrium 713

14.1 Dynamic Equilibrium in Chemical Systems 714

14.2 Equilibrium Laws 717

14.3 Equilibrium Laws Based on Pressures or Concentrations 721

14.4 Equilibrium Laws for Heterogeneous Reactions 725

14.5 Position of Equilibrium and the Equilibrium Constant 726

14.6 Equilibrium and Le Chatelier’s Principle 728

14.7 Calculating Equilibrium Constants 733

14.8 Using Equilibrium Constants to Calculate Concentrations 736

Tools for Problem Solving 751

Review Questions and Problems 752

15 Acids and Bases: A Molecular Look 759

15.1 Bronsted–Lowry Acids and Bases 760

15.2 Strengths of Bronsted–Lowry Acids and Bases 765

15.3 Periodic Trends in the Strengths of Acids 768

15.4 Lewis Acids and Bases 774

15.5 Acid–Base Properties of Elements and Their Oxides 778

15.6 Advanced Ceramics and Acid–Base Chemistry 781

Tools for Problem Solving 787

Review Questions and Problems 787

16 Acid–Base Equilibria in Aqueous Solutions 792

16.1 Water, pH, and “p” Notation 793

16.2 pH of Strong Acid and Base Solutions 798

16.3 Ionization Constants, K_a and K_b 799

16.4 Determining K_a and K_b Values 804

16.5 pH of Weak Acid and Weak Base Solutions 807

16.6 Acid–Base Properties of Salt Solutions 812

16.7 Buffer Solutions 816

16.8 Polyprotic Acids 823

16.9 Acid–Base Titrations 829

Tools for Problem Solving 839

Review Questions and Problems 840

17 Solubility and Simultaneous Equilibria 847

17.1 Equilibria in Solutions of Slightly Soluble Salts 848

17.2 Solubility of Basic Salts 860

17.3 Equilibria in Solutions of Metal Oxides and Sulfides 863

17.4 Selective Precipitation 866

17.5 Equilibria Involving Complex Ions 873

17.6 Complexation and Solubility 877

Tools for Problem Solving 882

Review Questions and Problems 883

18 Thermodynamics 889

18.1 First Law of Thermodynamics 890

18.2 Spontaneous Change 894

18.3 Entropy 896

18.4 Second Law of Thermodynamics 901

18.5 Third Law of Thermodynamics 905

18.6 Standard Free Energy Change, ΔG° 908

18.7 Maximum Work and ΔG 910

18.8 Free Energy and Equilibrium 914

18.9 Equilibrium Constants and ΔG° 920

18.10 Bond Energies 923

Tools for Problem Solving 930

Review Questions and Problems 931

19 Electrochemistry 938

19.1 Galvanic (Voltaic) Cells 939

19.2 Cell Potentials 944

19.3 Utilizing Standard Reduction Potentials 951

19.4 E°cell and ΔG° 956

19.5 Cell Potentials and Concentrations 959

19.6 Electricity 965

19.7 Electrolytic Cells 971

19.8 Electrolysis Stoichiometry 977

19.9 Practical Applications of Electrolysis 981

Tools for Problem Solving 987

Review Questions and Problems 988

20 Nuclear Reactions and Their Role in Chemistry 994

20.1 Law of Conservation of Mass–Energy 995

20.2 Nuclear Binding Energy 997

20.3 Radioactivity 999

20.4 Band of Stability 1006

20.5 Transmutation 1009

20.6 Measuring Radioactivity 1012

20.7 Medical and Analytical Applications of Radionuclides 1016

20.8 Nuclear Fission and Fusion 1021

Tools for Problem Solving 1030

Review Questions and Problems 1031

21 Metal Complexes 1037

21.1 Complex Ions 1038

21.2 Metal Complex Nomenclature 1044

21.3 Coordination Number and Structure 1046

21.4 Isomers of Metal Complexes 1049

21.5 Bonding in Metal Complexes 1053

21.6 Biological Functions of Metal Ions 1060

Tools for Problem Solving 1064

Review Questions and Problems 1065

22 Organic Compounds, Polymers, and Biochemicals 1070

22.1 Organic Structures and Functional Groups 1071

22.2 Hydrocarbons: Structure, Nomenclature, and Reactions 1076

22.3 Organic Compounds Containing Oxygen 1084

22.4 Organic Derivatives of Ammonia 1091

22.5 Organic Polymers 1093

22.6 Carbohydrates, Lipids, and Proteins 1100

22.7 Nucleic Acids, DNA and RNA 1109

Tools for Problem Solving 1115

Review Questions and Problems 1117

Appendices

Appendix A Review of Mathematics A–1

Appendix B Answers to Practice Exercises and Selected Problems A–6

Appendix C Tables of Selected Data A–30

Glossary G–1

Index I–1