CMOS Circuits for Passive Wireless Microsystems / Edition 1

by Fei Yuan

Overview

This book provides a comprehensive treatment of CMOS circuits for passive wireless microsystems. Major topics include: an overview of passive wireless microsystems, design challenges of passive wireless microsystems, fundamental issues of ultra-low power wireless communications, radio-frequency power harvesting, ultra-low power modulators and demodulators, ultra-low power temperature-compensated current and voltage references, clock generation and remote calibration, and advanced design techniques for ultra low-power analog signal processing.

Product Details

ISBN-13:	9781441976796
Publisher:	Springer New York
Publication date:	11/04/2010
Edition description:	2011
Pages:	279
Product dimensions:	6.40(w) x 9.30(h) x 1.00(d)

About the Author

About the Author Fei Yuan received the Ph.D. degree in electrical engineering from University of Waterloo, Canada in October 1999. He joined the Department of Electrical andComputer Engineering, RyersonUniversity, Toronto, Canada in 1999 and is currently a Professor. Dr. Yuan is the author of the bookCMOSActive Inductors and Transformers : Principle, Implementation, and Applications (Springer, New York, 2008), CMOS Current Mode Circuits for Data Communications (Springer, New York, 2006), the coauthor of the book Computer Methods for Analysis of Mixed Mode Switching Circuits (withAjoyOpal, KluwerAcademic Publishers, Boston, 2004), and the author / coauthor of 47 research papers in refereed scientific journals and over 90 research papers in refereed conference proceedings in the field of circuits and systems. Dr. Yuan currently serves the Chair of the Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Ryerson University. He also serves as the Associate Editor of Canadian Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering and is on the editorial board of several international journals. He was awarded the Ryerson Research Chair from Ryerson University in Jan. 2005, the Research Excellence Award from the Faculty of Engineering and Applied Science of Ryerson University in 2004, the Early Tenure from Ryerson University in 2002, the Doctoral Scholarship from the Natural Science and Engineering Research Council of Canada during 19971998, and the Teaching Excellence Award from Changzhou Institute of Technology, Jiangsu, China in 1988. Dr. Yuan is a senior member of IEEE and a registered professional engineer in the province of Ontario, Canada.

Table of Contents

Dedication v

Preface vii

Acknowledgments xi

1 Passive Wireless Microsystems 1

1.1 The Spectrum 2

1.2 The Challenges 2

1.2.1 Efficiency of Radio-Frequency Power Harvest 3

1.2.2 Fluctuating Supply Voltage 3

1.2.3 Sensitivity to Changing Environment 4

1.2.4 Precision Voltage References 4

1.2.5 Ultra-Low Power Analog-to-Digital Converteres 5

1.2.6 Encryption and Authentication 5

1.2.7 Signal Collision 5

1.2.8 Dimension of Antennas 6

2 Radio-Frequency Power Harvest 7

2.1 Characterization of Radio-Frequency Power Harvest 8

2.1.1 Power Matching 8

2.1.2 Power Efficiency 10

2.2 Voltage Multipliers 11

2.2.1 Voltage Doubler 12

2.2.2 Cockcroft-Walton Voltage Multiplier 13

2.2.3 Dickson Voltage Multipliers 13

2.2.4 Modified Dickson Voltage Multipliers 16

2.2.5 Mandal-Sarpeshkar Voltage Multiplier 17

2.2.6 Voltage Multiplier with V_T-Cancellation 18

2.2.7 Bergeret Voltage Multiplier 20

2.3 Power-Matching and Gain-Boosting Using LC Tanks 21

2.4 Power-Matching and Gain-Boosting Using Transformers 32

2.5 Chapter summary 45

3 Data Encoding 49

3.1 Non-Return-to-Zero Encoding 51

3.2 Return-to-Zero Encoding 52

3.3 Manchester Encoding 53

3.4 Miller Encoding 54

3.5 Miller-Modulated Sub-carrier Encoding 55

3.6 FM0 Encoding 56

3.7 Pulse Interval Encoding 56

3.8 Chapter Summary 57

4 Modulators and Demodulators 61

4.1 Basic Modulation Schemes 62

4.1.1 Amplitude Shift Keying 62

4.1.2 Frequency Shift Keying 64

4.1.3 Phase Shift Keying 66

4.2 ASK Modulators and Demodulators 66

4.2.1 ASK Modulators 67

4.2.2 Classification of ASK Demodulators 67

4.2.3 Design Challenges of ASK Demodulators 68

4.2.4 Voltage-Mode ASK Demodulators 78

4.2.5 Current-Mode ASK Demodulators 85

4.2.6 Mixed-Mode ASK Demodulators 87

4.2.7 Performance Comparison of ASK Demodulators 94

4.3 FSK Modulators and Demodulator 94

4.3.1 FSK Modulators 96

4.3.2 Ghovanloo-Najafi FSK Demodulator 97

4.3.3 Jung FSK Demodulator 98

4.3.4 Weng FSK Demodulator 100

4.3.5 Performance Comparison of FSK Demodulators 102

4.4 PSK Modulators and Demodulators 102

4.4.1 PSK Modulators 103

4.4.2 Coherent BPSK Demodulators 104

4.4.3 Non-Coherent BPSK Demodulators 109

4.4.4 Performance Comparison of PSK Demodulators 112

4.5 Chapter Summary 113

5 Low-Power Precision Voltage References 117

5.1 Characterization of Voltage References 117

5.1.1 Temperature Coefficient 118

5.1.2 Power Supply Rejection Ratio 119

5.1.3 Minimum Supply Voltage 119

5.2 Temperature Characteristics of MOS Devices 120

5.2.1 Base-Emitter Voltage of BJTs 120

5.2.2 Threshold Voltage of MOSFETs 127

5.2.3 Gate-Source Voltage of MOSFETs in Weak Inversion 128

5.2.4 Resistance of Diffusion and Poly Resistors 132

5.2.5 PTAT Voltage / Current Generators 133

5.2.6 Zero-Temperature-Coefficient Bias Point 135

5.3 First-Order Voltage References 136

5.3.1 Widlar Voltage Reference 138

5.3.2 Banba Voltage Reference 141

5.3.3 Waltari-Halonen Voltage Reference 142

5.3.4 Jiang-Lee Voltage Reference 143

5.3.5 Threshold Voltage Based Voltage References 144

5.3.6 Buck Voltage Reference 146

5.3.7 Comparison of First-Order Voltage References 148

5.4 High-Order Voltage References 149

5.4.1 Piecewise-Linear Voltage Reference 150

5.4.2 Malcovati Voltage Reference 150

5.4.3 Resistor Curvature-Compensated Voltage Reference 153

5.4.4 Ker-Chen Voltage Reference 155

5.4.5 Comparison of High-Order Voltage References 157

5.5 Sub-threshold Voltage References 157

5.5.1 Ytterdal Voltage Reference 158

5.5.2 Cheng-Wu Voltage Reference 160

5.5.3 Huang Voltage Reference 161

5.5.4 Ueno Voltage Reference 163

5.5.5 De Vita - Iannaccone Voltage Reference 164

5.5.6 Sub-threshold Voltage References Without Amplifiers 166

5.5.7 Comparison of Sub-Threshold Voltage References 169

5.6 Chapter Summary 170

6 Clock Generation and Calibration 173

6.1 Clock Generation From Carrier 174

6.2 Clock Generation From Envelope 177

6.3 Clock Generation Using Carrier Injection-Locking 179

6.4 Clock Generation Using Digital Trimming 181

6.5 Clock Generation Using Phase-Locked Loops 183

6.6 Clock Generation Using Frequency-Locked Loop 185

6.7 Clock Generation Using Envelope Injection-Locking 186

6.8 Performance Comparison 198

6.9 Chapter Summary 198

7 Low-Power Analog-to-Digital Converters 201

7.1 Fundamentals of Analog-to-Digital Converters 202

7.1.1 Quantization Error 203

7.1.2 Offset Error 205

7.1.3 Gain Error 205

7.1.4 Differential Nonlinearity 205

7.1.5 Integral Nonlinearity 206

7.1.6 Dynamic Range 206

7.1.7 Signal-to-Noise Ratio 208

7.1.8 Signal-to-Noise-and-Distortion Ratio 208

7.1.9 Effective Number of Bits 209

7.2 Integrating ADCs 209

7.2.1 Single-Slope Integrating ADCs 209

7.2.2 Dual-Slope Integrating ADCs 211

7.3 Oscillator-Based Temperature ADCs 213

7.3.1 Relaxation Oscillator-Based Temperature ADCs 213

7.3.2 Ring Oscillator-Based Temperature ADCs 215

7.4 Time-to-Digital Converter Based Temperature ADCs 219

7.5 Frequency-to-Digital Converter Based Temperature ADCs 223

7.6 Charge Redistribution Successive Approximation ADCs 223

7.6.1 Charge-Scaling DACs 224

7.6.2 Accuracy of Charge-Scaling DACs 228

7.6.3 Charge Redistribution ADCs 230

7.6.4 Single-Stage Binary-Weighted Capacitor Arrays 233

7.6.5 Two-Stage Binary-Weighted Capacitor Array 235

7.6.6 C-2C Capacitor Arrays 245

7.6.7 Switching Network 251

7.6.8 Hybrid Charge-Scaling DACs 252

7.6.9 Multi-Stage Charge-Scaling DACs 252

7.7 Performance Comparison 253

7.8 Chapter Summary 255

Appendices

A Material and Physical Constants 257

References 259

Index 275