Collins AQA A-level Science - AQA A-level Chemistry Year 1 and AS Student Book

by Lyn Nicholls, Ken Gadd

Overview

AQA approved. Covering AS and A-level Year 1 for the 2015 AQA specification, this Student Book combines the most comprehensive explanation with features that build skills in practical work, math, and evaluation. With a clear path of progress, it prepares students for the demands of A-level and beyond. Written by our expert authors for the 2015 AQA specification, this Student Book covers AS and A-level Year 1. This Student Book will: prepare you for assessment with key ideas summaries and practice questions designed for the linear course; build your confidence in tackling the mathematical requirement with worked examples and targeted assignments; strengthen your practical skills with comprehensive Required Practical sections featuring step-by-step instructions, and advice about how best to avoid common errors; deepen your understanding of chemistry and equip you for further study using comprehensive explanations, skills-focused assignments, and inspiring real-life contexts; and extend your knowledge and skills with specially designed Stretch and Challenge questions.

Product Details

ISBN-13:	9780007590216
Publisher:	HarperCollins UK
Publication date:	10/01/2015
Series:	Collins AQA A Level Science
Pages:	380
Product dimensions:	7.50(w) x 10.50(h) x 0.63(d)
Age Range:	17 - 18 Years

About the Author

Lyn Nicholls is the author of several Collins education titles.

Table of Contents

To the student v

Practical work in chemistry 1

1 Atomic structure 4

1.1 Early ideas about the composition of matter 5

1.2 Relative mass and relative charge of subatomic particles 8

1.3 Working with very small and very large numbers 9

1.4 Atomic number, mass number and isotopes 11

1.5 Relative atomic mass, A_r 17

1.6 Relative molecular mass, M_r 17

1.7 Describing electrons 18

1.8 Ionisation energies 22

1.9 Evidence for shells and sub-shells 23

2 Amount of substance 30

2.1 Relative masses 31

2.2 The mole and the Avogadro constant 32

2.3 The ideal gas equation 36

2.4 Empirical and molecular formulae 41

2.5 Chemical equations 43

2.6 Ionic equations 48

2.7 Reactions in solutions 49

3 Bonding 61

3.1 Ionic bonding 62

3.2 Covalent bonding 64

3.3 Metallic bonds 66

3.4 Bonding and physical properties 67

3.5 Shapes of molecules and ions 71

3.6 Bond polarity 74

3.7 Forces between molecules 77

4 The Periodic Table 89

4.1 Classification of the elements in s, p and d blocks 90

4.2 Properties of the elements in Period 3 94

5 Introduction to organic chemistry 102

5.1 Organic and inorganic compounds 103

5.2 Molecular shapes 105

5.3 Types of formulae 105

5.4 Functional groups and homologous series 108

5.5 Naming organic compounds 112

5.6 Reaction mechanisms 117

5.7 Isomers 119

6 The causes 128

6.1 Fractional distillation of crude oil 129

6.2 Cracking 132

6.3 Combustion reactions of alkanes 136

6.4 Problems with alkane combustion 138

6.5 Reactions of alkanes with chlorine 141

7 Energetics 147

7.1 Exothermic and endothermic reactions 148

7.2 Enthalpy change 148

7.3 Standard enthalpy of combustion, Δ_cH^θ 149

7.4 Standard enthalpy of formation, Δ_fH^θ 150

7.5 Measuring enthalpy changes 151

7.6 Using Hess's law to measure enthalpy changes 158

7.7 Bond enthalpies 162

8 Kinetics 171

8.1 What affects the rate of a reaction? 172

8.2 Collision theory 172

8.3 Activation energy 173

8.4 The Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution of energies 176

8.5 The effect of temperature on the rate of a reaction 176

8.6 The effect of concentration on the rate of a reaction 177

8.7 Catalysts 183

9 Equilibria 191

9.1 The dynamic nature of equilibria 192

9.2 The equilibrium constant, K_c 195

9.3 Changes that affect a system in a homogeneous equilibrium 197

9.4 Industrial processes and equilibria 203

10 Redox reactions 209

10.1 Oxidation and reduction 210

10.2 Oxidation states 211

10.3 Redox equations 217

11 Group 2, the alkaline earth metals 225

11.1 Trends in physical properties 226

11.2 Extracting titanium 229

11.3 Trends in chemical properties 230

11.4 Uses of Group 2 hydroxides 232

11.5 The relative solubilities of the Group 2 sulfates 235

12 Group 7(17), the halognes 242

12.1 Trends in physical properties 243

12.2 Trends in chemical properties 245

12.3 The halide ion 247

12.4 Uses of chlorine 254

13 Halogenalkanes? 263

13.1 What are halogenoalkanes? 264

13.2 Chemical reactions of halogenoalkanes 265

13.3 Ozone in the stratosphere 272

14 Alkenes 280

14.1 Structure and bonding in alkenes 281

14.2 Addition reactions of alkenes 283

14.3 Addition polymers 290

15 Alcohols 295

15.1 Alcohols 296

15.2 Ethanol production 298

15.3 Chemical reactions of alcohols 301

15.4 Elimination reactions of alcohols 307

16 Analytical techniques 314

16.1 Identifying functional groups 315

16.2 Mass spectrometry 320

16.3 Infrared spectroscopy 322

16.4 The global warming link 328

Answers 334

Glossary 350

Index 355

Acknowledgements 359