Cosmology and Controversy: The Historical Development of Two Theories of the Universe

by Helge Kragh

Overview

For over three millennia, most people could understand the universe only in terms of myth, religion, and philosophy. Between 1920 and 1970, cosmology transformed into a branch of physics. With this remarkably rapid change came a theory that would finally lend empirical support to many long-held beliefs about the origins and development of the entire universe: the theory of the big bang. In this book, Helge Kragh presents the development of scientific cosmology for the first time as a historical event, one that embroiled many famous scientists in a controversy over the very notion of an evolving universe with a beginning in time. In rich detail he examines how the big-bang theory drew inspiration from and eventually triumphed over rival views, mainly the steady-state theory and its concept of a stationary universe of infinite age.


In the 1920s, Alexander Friedmann and Georges Lemaître showed that Einstein's general relativity equations possessed solutions for a universe expanding in time. Kragh follows the story from here, showing how the big-bang theory evolved, from Edwin Hubble's observation that most galaxies are receding from us, to the discovery of the cosmic microwave background radiation. Sir Fred Hoyle proposed instead the steady-state theory, a model of dynamic equilibrium involving the continuous creation of matter throughout the universe. Although today it is generally accepted that the universe started some ten billion years ago in a big bang, many readers may not fully realize that this standard view owed much of its formation to the steady-state theory. By exploring the similarities and tensions between the theories, Kragh provides the reader with indispensable background for understanding much of today's commentary about our universe.

Product Details

ISBN-13:	9780691005461
Publisher:	Princeton University Press
Publication date:	03/14/1999
Edition description:	New Edition
Pages:	488
Product dimensions:	7.75(w) x 10.00(h) x (d)

About the Author

Helge Kragh is Professor of the History of Science at the University of Oslo. His works include a biography of P.A.M. Dirac.

Table of Contents

Preface
Ch. 1	Background: From Einstein to Hubble	3
Ch. 2	Lemaitre's Fireworks Universe	22
Ch. 3	Gamow's Big Bang	80
Ch. 4	The Steady-State Alternative	142
Ch. 5	Creation and Controversy	202
Ch. 6	The Universe Observed	269
Ch. 7	From Controversy to Marginalization	318
Ch. 8	Epilogue: Dynamics of a Controversy	389
Appendix I	A Cosmological Chronology, 1917-1971	397
Appendix II	Technical Glossary	400
Notes	403
Bibliography	447
Index	487

What People are Saying About This

Jack Zirker

The ultimate validation of the big-bang theory makes for a fascinating book. Kragh [tells] the story in comprehesive and compelling detail.

From the Publisher

"The ultimate validation of the big-bang theory makes for a fascinating book. Kragh [tells] the story in comprehensive and compelling detail."—Jack Zirker, National Optical Astronomy Observatories

Jack Zirker, National Optical Astronomy Observatories

The ultimate validation of the big-bang theory makes for a fascinating book. Kragh [tells] the story in comprehesive and compelling detail.

Editorial Reviews

This is very good scientific history and in some measure philosophy written by someone who has an understanding of the process of scientific work. The writing is clear and largely non-technical. . . . The general ideas that underpin the book hold for science broadly. Although the focus is cosmology, the book will appeal to anyone to anyone with an interest in how science actually works, whether it is through the history or the philosophy.

Contemporary Physics - D.R. Matravers

[A] masterful interpretation of modern cosmology's emergence.

Physics Today - Karl Hufbauer

As one who has been intimately involved with the subject, I thoroughly appreciated reading this work.... There are still a few left who believe that science advances relentlessly in a straight line. The actual zigzag path is beautifully illuminated in this book.

Nature - Hermann Bondi

[An] excellent book.... It is difficult to imagine a more complete and scholarly account of this epoch of cosmological history.

The Times Literary Supplement - Bernard Lovell

[An] insightful, thoroughly researched treatment of the intellectual development of modern cosmology.

Science - Woodruff T. Sullivan III

An exhilarating read—and not just for cosmologists. For although Kragh has produced a thoroughly scholarly work, he is nevertheless an excellent writer and his book could easily be enjoyed by anyone who is fascinated by the evolution of big scientific ideas. And they don't come much bigger than the origin, evolution, and fate of the Universe.

New Scientist - Marcus Chown

This is very good scientific history and in some measure philosophy written by someone who has an understanding of the process of scientific work. The writing is clear and largely non-technical. . . . The general ideas that underpin the book hold for science broadly. Although the focus is cosmology, the book will appeal to anyone to anyone with an interest in how science actually works, whether it is through the history or the philosophy.
— D.R. Matravers

Contemporary Physics

[A] masterful interpretation of modern cosmology's emergence.
— Karl Hufbauer

Physics Today

As one who has been intimately involved with the subject, I thoroughly appreciated reading this work.... There are still a few left who believe that science advances relentlessly in a straight line. The actual zigzag path is beautifully illuminated in this book.
— Hermann Bondi

Nature

[An] excellent book.... It is difficult to imagine a more complete and scholarly account of this epoch of cosmological history.
— Bernard Lovell

The Times Literary Supplement

[An] insightful, thoroughly researched treatment of the intellectual development of modern cosmology.
— Woodruff T. Sullivan III

Science

An exhilarating read—and not just for cosmologists. For although Kragh has produced a thoroughly scholarly work, he is nevertheless an excellent writer and his book could easily be enjoyed by anyone who is fascinated by the evolution of big scientific ideas. And they don't come much bigger than the origin, evolution, and fate of the Universe.
— Marcus Chown

New Scientist

Honorable Mention for the 1997 Award for Best Professional/Scholarly Book in Physics and Astronomy, Association of American Publishers

One of Choice's Outstanding Academic Titles for 1997

"An exhilarating read—and not just for cosmologists. For although Kragh has produced a thoroughly scholarly work, he is nevertheless an excellent writer and his book could easily be enjoyed by anyone who is fascinated by the evolution of big scientific ideas. And they don't come much bigger than the origin, evolution, and fate of the Universe."—-Marcus Chown, New Scientist

"[An] insightful, thoroughly researched treatment of the intellectual development of modern cosmology."—-Woodruff T. Sullivan III, Science

"[An] excellent book . . . [a] thorough and detailed understanding. . . has enabled Kragh to write. . . enjoyable descriptions of complex issues. . . . It is difficult to imagine a more complete and scholarly account of this epoch of cosmological history."—-Bernard Lovell, The Times Literary Supplement

"As one who has been intimately involved with the subject, I thoroughly appreciated reading this work.... There are still a few left who believe that science advances relentlessly in a straight line. The actual zigzag path is beautifully illuminated in this book."—-Hermann Bondi, Nature

"[A] masterful interpretation of modern cosmology's emergence."—-Karl Hufbauer, Physics Today

"[An] excellent book.... It is difficult to imagine a more complete and scholarly account of this epoch of cosmological history."—-Bernard Lovell, The Times Literary Supplement

"This is very good scientific history and in some measure philosophy written by someone who has an understanding of the process of scientific work. The writing is clear and largely non-technical. . . . The general ideas that underpin the book hold for science broadly. Although the focus is cosmology, the book will appeal to anyone to anyone with an interest in how science actually works, whether it is through the history or the philosophy."—-D.R. Matravers, Contemporary Physics

From the Publisher