Table of Contents
1 Cotton: An Introduction B.M. Khadi V. Santhy M.S. Yadav 1
1.1 Introduction 1
1.2 History and Taxonomy 2
1.3 Origin and Distribution 5
1.3.1 Origin, Domestication and Distribution of Diploids 6
1.3.2 Origin, Domestication and Distribution of Allotetraploid Cottons 7
1.4 Germplasm Resources in Cotton 10
1.4.1 Primary Gene Pool 10
1.4.2 Secondary Gene Pools 11
1.4.3 Tertiary Gene Pool 11
References 12
2 Cotton in India B.M. Khadi V. Santhy M.S. Yadav 15
2.1 Introduction 15
2.2 Cotton Improvement in India 18
2.2.1 General Selection Procedures 19
2.2.2 Methods to Exploit Heterosis and/or Recombination 19
2.2.3 Population Improvement Approaches 20
2.2.4 Breeding Methods for Specific Purposes 21
2.2.5 Composite Crossing 23
2.3 Heterosis Breeding in Cotton 23
2.3.1 General Features of Hybrid Vigor in Cotton 24
2.3.2 Hybrid Seed Production Techniques in Cotton 24
2.3.3 Identification of Good Combiners 24
2.3.4 Hand Emasculation and Pollination 25
2.4 Use of Male Sterility 25
2.4.1 Male Sterility in Tetraploid 25
2.4.2 Male Sterility in Diploids 26
2.4.3 Thermo Sensitive Genetic Male Sterility 27
2.5 Bee Pollination 27
2.6 Factors Affecting Yield and Quality of Hybrid Seed 28
2.7 Apomixis 28
2.8 Breeding for Insect Resistance 29
2.8.1 Conventional Breeding Approach 29
2.8.2 Biotechnological Approach 31
2.9 Bt Cotton 32
2.9.1 Development of Bt Kits 35
2.9.2 Disease Resistance 35
2.9.3 Fiber Quality and Its Improvement 37
2.10 Value Addition for Cotton 37
2.11 Export 38
2.12 Naturally Colored Cotton 39
2.13 Molecular Marker Techniques Used in Cotton Improvement 39
2.14 Future Strategies 39
References 40
3 Cotton Genomics A.H. Paterson 45
3.1 The Need for Cotton Biotechnology 45
3.2 Genetic Mapping and DNA Marker-Assisted Breeding 46
3.2.1 Genetic Mapping and DNA Markers 46
3.2.2 Trait and QTL Mapping 47
3.2.3 Genome-Wide Introgression 48
3.3 The Cotton Genomes and Progress Towards Their Sequencing 49
3.3.1 The Cotton Transcriptome and Patterns of Gene Expression 49
3.3.2 Beyond the Transcriptome - Sequencing of Entire Cotton Genomes 50
3.4 After the Sequence - Analysis of Cotton Gene Functions 54
3.4.1 Deductions from Correspondence of Cotton Genes to Those of Other Organisms 54
3.4.2 Mutagenesis of Cotton Genes to Determine the Phenotypic Effects of Their Loss 54
3.4.3 Transformation 55
References 56
4 Cotton Transformation D.R. Duncan 65
4.1 Introduction 65
4.2 Cotton Tissue Culture 66
4.3 Transformation 68
4.4 Conclusion 73
References 73
5 New Tools and Traits for Cotton Improvement J.P. Purcell J.T. Greenplate R.G. Cantrell W.V. Hugie F.J. Perlak R.T. Fraley 79
5.1 Introduction 79
5.1.1 Insect-Protected Cotton 81
5.1.2 Herbicide-Resistant Cotton 83
5.1.3 Disease and Nematode Pathogens 84
5.1.4 Abiotic Stresses 85
5.1.5 Quality Traits 85
5.2 Breeding Technology 87
5.3 Advances in Yield 89
5.4 Conclusions 89
References 91
6 Insect Tolerant Cotton in India S. Parimi B.R. Char R.K. Goravale C.B. Chaporkar 95
6.1 Insect Pests of Cotton 96
6.2 Development of Bt Cotton in India 98
6.2.1 Adoption of Bollgard II® Cotton 99
6.2.2 Chronology of Bt Cotton Development 99
6.3 Biosafety Assessment of Bt Cotton in India 100
6.3.1 Environmental, Food and Feed Safety Assessment 101
6.4 Insect Resistance Management in Bt Cotton 101
6.4.1 Insect Resistance Management strategy in India 102
6.4.2 Bt Cotton Adoption and Grower Compliance 104
6.4.3 Resistance Monitoring Program 104
6.4.4 Bt Cotton - an Integral Part of Cotton IPM Programs 105
6.5 General Scheme of Transgenic Breeding of Bt Cotton 107
6.6 Quality Assurance in Bt Cotton 107
6.7 Conclusions and Future 108
References 109
7 Insect Resistance Management for Transgenic Bt Cotton G. Head T. Dennehy 113
7.1 Introduction 113
7.2 The Nature of Current Commercial Bt Cotton Products 114
7.3 The Basics of IRM for Bt Cotton Technologies 115
7.3.1 Product Performance 115
7.3.2 Genetics of Insect Resistance 115
7.3.3 Insect Behavior 116
7.4 Components of IRM Programs for Bt Cotton 116
7.5 Adapting IRM Practices to Local Needs 118
7.6 The Role of Pyramided Bt Cotton Products in IRM 118
7.7 The Role of "Natural Refuge" in IRM 120
7.8 Combining Pyramided Products and Natural Refuge: Bollgard II Cotton in the USA 121
7.9 Conclusions 123
References 123
8 Opportunities for Engineering Abiotic Stress Tolerance in Cotton Plants R.D. Allen 127
8.1 Introduction 127
8.2 Single-Action Genes 129
8.2.1 Antioxidants 130
8.2.2 Osmoprotectants 131
8.2.3 Late Embryogenesis Abundant (LEA) Proteins 132
8.2.4 Heat Shock Proteins 133
8.2.5 Membrane Transporters 133
8.3 Multifunctional Genes 134
8.3.1 Transcription Factors 135
8.3.2 Protein Kinases 142
8.3.3 Ubiquitin and SUMO Ligases 143
8.3.4 MicroRNAs 146
8.4 Conclusions 147
References 148
9 Recent Advances in Molecular Biology Research on Cotton Fiber Development X.X. Shangguan N. Yu L.J. Wang X.Y. Chen 161
9.1 Introduction 161
9.2 Transcriptome of Cotton Fiber 162
9.3 Functional Identification of Genes Related to Cotton Fiber Development 164
9.3.1 Transcription Factors 164
9.3.2 Phytohormones 166
9.3.3 Cytoskeleton Genes 168
9.3.4 Other Genes 169
9.3.5 Fiber-Specific Promoters 170
9.4 Experimental Systems Used for Investigation of Cotton Fiber Genes 171
9.5 Summary and Perspectives 171
References 171
10 Global Adoption of Biotech Cotton, 1996 to 2007 C. James B. Choudhary 177
10.1 Introduction 177
10.2 Regulation and Approval of Biotech Cotton 177
10.3 Global Hectarage of Biotech Cotton, 1996-2007 178
10.4 Country Case Studies 182
10.4.1 India Case Study 183
10.4.2 China Case Study 188
10.4.3 USA Case Study 191
10.4.4 Australia Case Study 193
References 195
11 Regulatory Systems and Requirements for Genetically Engineered Cotton from Lab to Land K.K. Tripathi S.R. Rao 197
11.1 The Biotech Crops 197
11.2 Beginnings of Biotech Regulation 198
11.3 Components of Regulatory System/Framework 199
11.3.1 A Regulatory Regime 199
11.3.2 Administrative Systems 201
11.4 Potential Risks and Benefits Associated with GM Crops 202
11.4.1 Perceived Risk to Human Health 203
11.4.2 Risk to Environment 206
11.4.3 Social and Ethical Concerns 208
11.5 Regulatory Requirements: The Case of Bt Cotton Commercialisation in India: The First GM Crop of the Sub-Continent 209
11.5.1 Steps Involved in the Commercial Release of Bt Cotton 210
11.5.2 Biosafety Studies Conducted on Bt Cotton 211
11.5.3 Agronomic Evaluation of Bt Cotton 216
11.6 Indian GMO Research and Future Expectations 217
11.7 Conclusions 218
References 219
12 Socioeconomic Impacts of Bt (Bacillus thuringiensis) Cotton M. Qaim A. Subramanian P. Sadashivappa 221
12.1 Introduction 221
12.2 Farm Level Effects of Bt Cotton 222
12.2.1 Insecticide and Yield Effects 222
12.2.2 Farmer Health Effects 225
12.2.3 Seed Prices and Profit Effects 227
12.2.4 Variability of Effects 230
12.3 Household Income and Poverty Effects of Bt Cotton 231
12.3.1 Village Modeling Approach 231
12.3.2 Simulation Results 232
12.4 Macroeconomic Effects of Bt Cotton 234
12.4.1 Partial Equilibrium Approaches 234
12.4.2 General Equilibrium Approaches 236
12.5 Conclusions 237
References 238
Index 241
