Cultivating Humanity: A Classical Defense of Reform in Liberal Education

by Martha C. Nussbaum

Overview

How can higher education today create a community of critical thinkers and searchers for truth that transcends the boundaries of class, gender, and nation? Martha C. Nussbaum, philosopher and classicist, argues that contemporary curricular reform is already producing such “citizens of the world” in its advocacy of diverse forms of cross-cultural studies. Her vigorous defense of “the new education” is rooted in Seneca’s ideal of the citizen who scrutinizes tradition critically and who respects the ability to reason wherever it is found—in rich or poor, native or foreigner, female or male.

Drawing on Socrates and the Stoics, Nussbaum establishes three core values of liberal education: critical self-examination, the ideal of the world citizen, and the development of the narrative imagination. Then, taking us into classrooms and campuses across the nation, including prominent research universities, small independent colleges, and religious institutions, she shows how these values are (and in some instances are not) being embodied in particular courses. She defends such burgeoning subject areas as gender, minority, and gay studies against charges of moral relativism and low standards, and underscores their dynamic and fundamental contribution to critical reasoning and world citizenship.

For Nussbaum, liberal education is alive and well on American campuses in the late twentieth century. It is not only viable, promising, and constructive, but it is essential to a democratic society. Taking up the challenge of conservative critics of academe, she argues persuasively that sustained reform in the aim and content of liberal education is the most vital and invigorating force in higher education today.

Product Details

ISBN-13:	9780674179493
Publisher:	Harvard University Press
Publication date:	10/01/1998
Edition description:	Reprint
Pages:	352
Product dimensions:	6.12(w) x 9.25(h) x 1.00(d)
Lexile:	1440L (what's this?)
Age Range:	18 Years

About the Author

Martha C. Nussbaum is the author of The Fragility of Goodness, The Monarchy of Fear, and Citadels of Pride, among other works. She is the Ernst Freund Distinguished Service Professor of Law and Ethics at the University of Chicago, where she is in the Law School and Philosophy Department. She has received three of the world’s most significant awards for humanities and social science: the Kyoto Prize, the Berggruen Prize, and the 2021 Holberg Prize.

Table of Contents

• Preface
• Introduction: The Old Education and the Think-Academy
• 1. Socratic Self-Examination
• 2. Citizens of the World
• 3. The Narrative Imagination
• 4. The Study of Non-Western Cultures
• 5. African-American Studies
• 6. Women’s Studies
• 7. The Study of Human Sexuality
• 8. Socrates in the Religious University
• Conclusion: The New Liberal Education
• Notes
• Index

What People are Saying About This

This is a vital, timely, and much needed contribution to the debate on the nature of undergraduate education. Few people are more qualified than Martha Nussbaum to write on this topic. Here she manages to combine a fine appreciation of what the past teaches us, and what we need to create for the future of liberal education.

K. Anthony Appiah

Martha Nussbaum defends a Socratic view of education, which places the examined life at its heart. Her vision also has elements rooted in Stoic cosmopolitanism and stresses the centrality of the ability to think what it might be like to be in the shoes of a person different from oneself. Because she is not only a fine philosopher but also a distinguished classicist, Nussbaum roots her argument in a serious defense of the deep continuing relevance of classics. This is a marvelous book, which should be read by all who care about the present and the future of the university.
— K. Anthony Appiah, Professor of Afro-American Studies and Philosophy, Harvard University

Vartan Gregorian

If Socrates had come back to help us think through the culture wars, he would have written Martha Nussbaum's brilliant, grounded book.
— Vartan Gregorian, President Emeritus, Brown University

J. Robert Barth

Cultivating Humanity is as important a book on the nature and needs of higher education as I have read in the past decade. Deeply grounded in classical thought, it demonstrates a remarkable openness to the ongoing experience of human history and culture. This is a book not only of luminous intelligence, but of compassion and love.
— J. Robert Barth, S.J., Dean of the College of Arts and Sciences, Boston College

Nannerl O. Keohane

Martha Nussbaum has skillfully used her familiarity with the classics of Western philosophy, particularly the ideas of Socrates and Seneca, to demonstrate both the educational aptness and the imperative importance of the study of non-Western cultures, gender, and race in liberal education today. Her study provides an excellent refutation of the views of those who would mummify the great authors of the past instead of learning and teaching in their true and timeless spirit. This is a valuable guidebook for educating "citizens of the world."
— Nannerl O. Keohane, President, Duke University

Walter E. Massey

This is a vital, timely, and much needed contribution to the debate on the nature of undergraduate education. Few people are more qualified than Martha Nussbaum to write on this topic. Here she manages to combine a fine appreciation of what the past teaches us, and what we need to create for the future of liberal education.
— Walter E. Massey, President, Morehouse College

Editorial Reviews

Cultivating Humanity is the most potent salvo yet in the academic culture wars launched back in 1987 by Allan Bloom’s Closing of the American Mind. Nussbaum reveals herself to be an expert practitioner of intellectual judo, taking the most powerful thrusts of the opposition and using them to stake out an eminently sensible defense of ongoing reform in higher education.

Boston Phoenix - Scott Stossel

[A] judicious and empirically grounded defence of recent curricular innovations… Martha Nussbaum’s book moves beyond the wars over PC and the curriculum, transcending the terms in which they were fought… [H]er report should end the tired brandishing of caricatures that has marked the academic culture wars.

Times Literary Supplement - Dennis Wrong

Nussbaum provides an accessible examination of recent curricular reforms. Her assessments are enriched by a detailed discussion of the development of specific courses at a wide range of ‘test case’ colleges and universities. Extreme partisans in the ‘culture wars’ will take little comfort in Nussbaum’s dispassionate defense of Socratic education and citizenship. But general readers, those interested in thinking about the larger purpose of higher education and how this country’s colleges and universities are both fulfilling and failing that mission, will find Nussbaum’s assessment both reassuring and challenging. Perhaps most important, her articulation of the classical ideal of ‘cultivating humanity’ will serve as a valuable guidepost for directing future reforms.

Timothy P. Duffy

Martha Nussbaum has skillfully used her familiarity with the classics of Western philosophy, particularly the ideas of Socrates and Seneca, to demonstrate both the educational aptness and the imperative importance of the study of non-Western cultures, gender, and race in liberal education today. Her study provides an excellent refutation of the views of those who would mummify the great authors of the past instead of learning and teaching in their true and timeless spirit. This is a valuable guidebook for educating ‘citizens of the world.’

Nannerl O. Keohane

If Socrates had come back to help us think through the culture wars, he would have written Martha Nussbaum’s brilliant, grounded book.

Vartan Gregorian

Nussbaum has succeeded in saying something fresh, forceful, and interesting about curricular reform and the culture wars. Cultivating Humanity is persuasively argued, philosophically well-grounded, and firmly based on Nussbaum’s own experiences as a visitor, lecturer, and teacher at a wide range of colleges and universities. She draws upon the best elements of current work in feminism and the study of race and ethnicity even as she calls attention to excesses and errors in new pedagogy and scholarship that need to be remedied… Throughout Cultivating Humanity (the title adapts a phrase from the Stoic philosopher Seneca), Nussbaum emphasizes reason, careful argument, logical analysis, self-questioning, the pursuit of truth and objectivity, and critical inquiry.

Boston Sunday Globe - William E. Cain

Martha Nussbaum defends a Socratic view of education, which places the examined life at its heart. Her vision also has elements rooted in Stoic cosmopolitanism and stresses the centrality of the ability to think what it might be like to be in the shoes of a person different from oneself. Because she is not only a fine philosopher but also a distinguished classicist, Nussbaum roots her argument in a serious defense of the deep continuing relevance of classics. This is a marvelous book, which should be read by all who care about the present and the future of the university.

K. Anthony Appiah

The best answer to attacks on multiculturalism can be found in Martha C. Nussbaum’s Cultivating Humanity. The book is a passionate, closely argued and classical defense of multiculturalism: drawing on the ideas of Socrates, the Stoics and Seneca (from whom she derives her title), she steers a narrow course between cranky traditionalists and anti-Western radicals who would reject her Socratic method out of hand… [The] book is a formidable, perhaps definitive defense of diversity on American campuses.

James Shapiro

Cultivating Humanity is as important a book on the nature and needs of higher education as I have read in the past decade. Deeply grounded in classical thought, it demonstrates a remarkable openness to the ongoing experience of human history and culture. This is a book not only of luminous intelligence, but of compassion and love.

J. Robert Barth

Nussbaum’s wide ranging discussion of liberal education and its evolution at the end of the century is both thoughtful and concrete. She supports the idea of liberal education, suggesting that it should be shaped by institutional realities at individual colleges and universities, and by broader intellectual trends in American and world society… Nussbaum does not have a specific program to promote. Rather, she reflects on the state of American undergraduate education and advocates continued change and reform as part of a commitment to the core values of liberal education.

Choice - P. G. Altbach

One of the strengths of Cultivating Humanity is that it explores the conflict between authority and reason explicitly—even if it doesn’t entirely resolve it. Nussbaum’s untrammeled confidence in both the universality of reason and the diversity of human life makes hers a challenging and novel book, one that strongly endorses multicultural study while distancing itself from nearly everything typically associated with it, including postmodernism, identity politics, and the critique of philosophical universalism… If her book is read as carefully and as sympathetically as it was written, it just might give humanism a good name in the academy again… For secular intellectuals who agree that the unexamined life is not worth living, it seems only human to hope that Nussbaum’s vision of higher education will guide American universities in the twenty-first century.

Lingua Franca - Michael Bérubé

This is a vital, timely, and much needed contribution to the debate on the nature of undergraduate education. Few people are more qualified than Martha Nussbaum to write on this topic. Here she manages to combine a fine appreciation of what the past teaches us, and what we need to create for the future of liberal education.

Walter E. Massey

Over the last decade or so, Nussbaum’s work has gone off in a new…direction and one that once again draws on her remarkable feeling for the ancient world. She started reading the Stoics… Nussbaum discovered in Cicero, Seneca and Marcus Aurelius a much richer and more subtle moral and political theory than they are usually given credit for. More importantly, perhaps, they prompted her to start thinking about what the Stoics’ ideals of global citizenship—their belief in the fundamental equality of all people—would look like in practice. The results can be seen in her insistence, in Cultivating Humanity, on the importance of a multi-cultural liberal education which opens its students to alternative values and traditions.

Independent on Sunday - Ben Rogers

[A] judicious and empirically grounded defence of recent curricular innovations... Martha Nussbaum's book moves beyond the wars over PC and the curriculum, transcending the terms in which they were fought... [H]er report should end the tired brandishing of caricatures that has marked the academic culture wars.--Dennis Wrong "Times Literary Supplement"

Martha Nussbaum has skillfully used her familiarity with the classics of Western philosophy, particularly the ideas of Socrates and Seneca, to demonstrate both the educational aptness and the imperative importance of the study of non-Western cultures, gender, and race in liberal education today. Her study provides an excellent refutation of the views of those who would mummify the great authors of the past instead of learning and teaching in their true and timeless spirit. This is a valuable guidebook for educating 'citizens of the world.'--Nannerl O. Keohane, President, Duke University

Nussbaum has succeeded in saying something fresh, forceful, and interesting about curricular reform and the culture wars. Cultivating Humanity is persuasively argued, philosophically well-grounded, and firmly based on Nussbaum's own experiences as a visitor, lecturer, and teacher at a wide range of colleges and universities. She draws upon the best elements of current work in feminism and the study of race and ethnicity even as she calls attention to excesses and errors in new pedagogy and scholarship that need to be remedied... Throughout Cultivating Humanity (the title adapts a phrase from the Stoic philosopher Seneca), Nussbaum emphasizes reason, careful argument, logical analysis, self-questioning, the pursuit of truth and objectivity, and critical inquiry.--William E. Cain "Boston Sunday Globe"

Nussbaum is a culture warrior who earned her stripes defending universities from charges of caving in to the demands of politically correct multiculturalists. In this vigorous response to critics, Nussbaum adopts an unusual approach in her defense of the college-level multicultural curriculum. Instead of casting multicultural instruction as a type of payback for the sins of Western racism and sexism, she artfully argues how the Western philosophical tradition itself leads directly to a multicultural agenda... Nussbaum's arguments are convincing. She is careful to avoid the pitfalls of cultural relativism, and there is no debating the cosmopolitan effects of the educational process she supports. Her work is a welcome addition to the ongoing debate about culture and curriculum.-- "Publishers Weekly"

Nussbaum provides an accessible examination of recent curricular reforms. Her assessments are enriched by a detailed discussion of the development of specific courses at a wide range of 'test case' colleges and universities. Extreme partisans in the 'culture wars' will take little comfort in Nussbaum's dispassionate defense of Socratic education and citizenship. But general readers, those interested in thinking about the larger purpose of higher education and how this country's colleges and universities are both fulfilling and failing that mission, will find Nussbaum's assessment both reassuring and challenging. Perhaps most important, her articulation of the classical ideal of 'cultivating humanity' will serve as a valuable guidepost for directing future reforms.--Timothy P. Duffy "Washington Post"

Nussbaum's wide ranging discussion of liberal education and its evolution at the end of the century is both thoughtful and concrete. She supports the idea of liberal education, suggesting that it should be shaped by institutional realities at individual colleges and universities, and by broader intellectual trends in American and world society... Nussbaum does not have a specific program to promote. Rather, she reflects on the state of American undergraduate education and advocates continued change and reform as part of a commitment to the core values of liberal education.--P. G. Altbach "Choice"

One of the strengths of Cultivating Humanity is that it explores the conflict between authority and reason explicitly--even if it doesn't entirely resolve it. Nussbaum's untrammeled confidence in both the universality of reason and the diversity of human life makes hers a challenging and novel book, one that strongly endorses multicultural study while distancing itself from nearly everything typically associated with it, including postmodernism, identity politics, and the critique of philosophical universalism... If her book is read as carefully and as sympathetically as it was written, it just might give humanism a good name in the academy again... For secular intellectuals who agree that the unexamined life is not worth living, it seems only human to hope that Nussbaum's vision of higher education will guide American universities in the twenty-first century.--Michael Bérubé "Lingua Franca"

Over the last decade or so, Nussbaum's work has gone off in a new...direction and one that once again draws on her remarkable feeling for the ancient world. She started reading the Stoics... Nussbaum discovered in Cicero, Seneca and Marcus Aurelius a much richer and more subtle moral and political theory than they are usually given credit for. More importantly, perhaps, they prompted her to start thinking about what the Stoics' ideals of global citizenship--their belief in the fundamental equality of all people--would look like in practice. The results can be seen in her insistence, in Cultivating Humanity, on the importance of a multi-cultural liberal education which opens its students to alternative values and traditions.--Ben Rogers "Independent on Sunday"

The best answer to attacks on multiculturalism can be found in Martha C. Nussbaum's Cultivating Humanity. The book is a passionate, closely argued and classical defense of multiculturalism: drawing on the ideas of Socrates, the Stoics and Seneca (from whom she derives her title), she steers a narrow course between cranky traditionalists and anti-Western radicals who would reject her Socratic method out of hand... [The] book is a formidable, perhaps definitive defense of diversity on American campuses.--James Shapiro "New York Times Book Review"

Cultivating Humanity is the most potent salvo yet in the academic culture wars launched back in 1987 by Allan Bloom's Closing of the American Mind. Nussbaum reveals herself to be an expert practitioner of intellectual judo, taking the most powerful thrusts of the opposition and using them to stake out an eminently sensible defense of ongoing reform in higher education.--Scott Stossel "Boston Phoenix"

Cultivating Humanity is as important a book on the nature and needs of higher education as I have read in the past decade. Deeply grounded in classical thought, it demonstrates a remarkable openness to the ongoing experience of human history and culture. This is a book not only of luminous intelligence, but of compassion and love.--J. Robert Barth, S.J., Dean of the College of Arts and Sciences, Boston College

Martha Nussbaum defends a Socratic view of education, which places the examined life at its heart. Her vision also has elements rooted in Stoic cosmopolitanism and stresses the centrality of the ability to think what it might be like to be in the shoes of a person different from oneself. Because she is not only a fine philosopher but also a distinguished classicist, Nussbaum roots her argument in a serious defense of the deep continuing relevance of classics. This is a marvelous book, which should be read by all who care about the present and the future of the university.--K. Anthony Appiah, Professor of Afro-American Studies and Philosophy, Harvard University

If Socrates had come back to help us think through the culture wars, he would have written Martha Nussbaum's brilliant, grounded book.--Vartan Gregorian, President Emeritus, Brown University

This is a vital, timely, and much needed contribution to the debate on the nature of undergraduate education. Few people are more qualified than Martha Nussbaum to write on this topic. Here she manages to combine a fine appreciation of what the past teaches us, and what we need to create for the future of liberal education.--Walter E. Massey, President, Morehouse College

From the Publisher

Nussbaum's wide ranging discussion of liberal education and its evolution at the end of the century is both thoughtful and concrete. She supports the idea of liberal education, suggesting that it should be shaped by institutional realities at individual colleges and universities, and by broader intellectual trends in American and world society...Nussbaum does not have a specific program to promote. Rather, she reflects on the state of American undergraduate education and advocates continued change and reform as part of a commitment to the core values of liberal education.

Choice - P.G. Altbach

One of the strengths of Cultivating Humanity is that it explores the conflict between authority and reason explicitly—even if it doesn't entirely resolve it. Nussbaum's untrammeled confidence in both the universality of reason and the diversity of human life makes hers a challenging and novel book, one that strongly endorses multicultural study while distancing itself from nearly everything typically associated with it, including postmodernism, identity politics, and the critique of philosophical universalism...If her book is read as carefully and as sympathetically as it was written, it just might give humanism a good name in the academy again...For secular intellectuals who agree that the unexamined life is not worth living, it seems only human to hope that Nussbaum's vision of higher education will guide American universities in the twenty-first century.

Lingua Franca - Michael Bérubé

The best answer to attacks on multiculturalism can be found in Martha C. Nussbaum's Cultivating Humanity. The book is a passionate, closely argued and classical defense of multiculturalism: drawing on the ideas of Socrates, the Stoics and Seneca (from whom she derives her title), she steers a narrow course between cranky traditionalists and anti-Western radicals who would reject her Socratic method out of hand...[The] book is a formidable, perhaps definitive defense of diversity on American campuses.

New York Times Book Review - James Shapiro

Nussbaum provides an accessible examination of recent curricular reforms. Her assessments are enriched by a detailed discussion of the development of specific courses at a wide range of "test case" colleges and universities. Extreme partisans in the "culture wars" will take little comfort in Nussbaum's dispassionate defense of Socratic education and citizenship. But general readers, those interested in thinking about the larger purpose of higher education and how this country's colleges and universities are both fulfilling and failing that mission, will find Nussbaum's assessment both reassuring and challenging. Perhaps most important, her articulation of the classical ideal of "cultivating humanity" will serve as a valuable guidepost for directing future reforms.

Washington Post - Timothy P. Duffy

Nussbaum's wide ranging discussion of liberal education and its evolution at the end of the century is both thoughtful and concrete. She supports the idea of liberal education, suggesting that it should be shaped by institutional realities at individual colleges and universities, and by broader intellectual trends in American and world society...Nussbaum does not have a specific program to promote. Rather, she reflects on the state of American undergraduate education and advocates continued change and reform as part of a commitment to the core values of liberal education.
— P.G. Altbach

Choice

One of the strengths of Cultivating Humanity is that it explores the conflict between authority and reason explicitly—even if it doesn't entirely resolve it. Nussbaum's untrammeled confidence in both the universality of reason and the diversity of human life makes hers a challenging and novel book, one that strongly endorses multicultural study while distancing itself from nearly everything typically associated with it, including postmodernism, identity politics, and the critique of philosophical universalism...If her book is read as carefully and as sympathetically as it was written, it just might give humanism a good name in the academy again...For secular intellectuals who agree that the unexamined life is not worth living, it seems only human to hope that Nussbaum's vision of higher education will guide American universities in the twenty-first century.
— Michael Bérubé

Lingua Franca

Nussbaum has succeeded in saying something fresh, forceful, and interesting about curricular reform and the culture wars. Cultivating Humanity is persuasively argued, philosophically well-grounded, and firmly based on Nussbaum's own experiences as a visitor, lecturer, and teacher at a wide range of colleges and universities. She draws upon the best elements of current work in feminism and the study of race and ethnicity even as she calls attention to excesses and errors in new pedagogy and scholarship that need to be remedied...Throughout Cultivating Humanity (the title adapts a phrase from the Stoic philosopher Seneca), Nussbaum emphasizes reason, careful argument, logical analysis, self-questioning, the pursuit of truth and objectivity, and critical inquiry.
— William E. Cain

Boston Sunday Globe

Cultivating Humanity is the most potent salvo yet in the academic culture wars launched back in 1987 by Allan Bloom's Closing of the American Mind. Nussbaum reveals herself to be an expert practitioner of intellectual judo, taking the most powerful thrusts of the opposition and using them to stake out an eminently sensible defense of ongoing reform in higher education.
— Scott Stossel

Boston Phoenix

Over the last decade or so, Nussbaum's work has gone off in a new...direction and one that once again draws on her remarkable feeling for the ancient world. She started reading the Stoics...Nussbaum discovered in Cicero, Seneca and Marcus Aurelius a much richer and more subtle moral and political theory than they are usually given credit for. More importantly, perhaps, they prompted her to start thinking about what the Stoics' ideals of global citizenship—their belief in the fundamental equality of all people—would look like in practice. The results can be seen in her insistence, in Cultivating Humanity, on the importance of a multi-cultural liberal education which opens its students to alternative values and traditions.
— Ben Rogers

Independent on Sunday

[A] judicious and empirically grounded defence of recent curricular innovations...Martha Nussbaum's book moves beyond the wars over PC and the curriculum, transcending the terms in which they were fought...[H]er report should end the tired brandishing of caricatures that has marked the academic culture wars.
— Dennis Wrong

Times Literary Supplement

The best answer to attacks on multiculturalism can be found in Martha C. Nussbaum's Cultivating Humanity. The book is a passionate, closely argued and classical defense of multiculturalism: drawing on the ideas of Socrates, the Stoics and Seneca (from whom she derives her title), she steers a narrow course between cranky traditionalists and anti-Western radicals who would reject her Socratic method out of hand...[The] book is a formidable, perhaps definitive defense of diversity on American campuses.
— James Shapiro

New York Times Book Review

Nussbaum provides an accessible examination of recent curricular reforms. Her assessments are enriched by a detailed discussion of the development of specific courses at a wide range of "test case" colleges and universities. Extreme partisans in the "culture wars" will take little comfort in Nussbaum's dispassionate defense of Socratic education and citizenship. But general readers, those interested in thinking about the larger purpose of higher education and how this country's colleges and universities are both fulfilling and failing that mission, will find Nussbaum's assessment both reassuring and challenging. Perhaps most important, her articulation of the classical ideal of "cultivating humanity" will serve as a valuable guidepost for directing future reforms.
— Timothy P. Duffy

Washington Post

The best answer to attachs on multiculturalism can be found in Cultivating Humanity. The book is a passionate, closely argued and classical defense of multiculturalism, drawing on the ideas of Socrates, the Stoics and Seneca. [Nussbaum] steers a narrow course between cranky traditionalists and the anti-Western radicals who could reject her Socratic method out of hand. . .[The] book is a formidable, perhaps definitive defense of diversity on American campuses. -- The New York Times Book Review

James Shapiro

Nussbaum has succeeded in saying something fresh, forceful, and interesting about curricular reform and the culture wars. Cultivating Humanity is persuasively argued, philosophically well grounded, and firmly based on Nussbaum's own experiences as a visitor, lecturer, and teacher at a wide range of colleges and universities. -- Boston Sunday Globe

William E. Cain