This text examines the major issues and controversies facing police officers today, providing with a solid understanding of the state of policing in the U. S. today.
This main theme of this text is change in policing, and the past, present and future issues that have and will shape this change.
This text examines the major issues and controversies facing police officers today, providing with a solid understanding of the state of policing in the U. S. today.
This main theme of this text is change in policing, and the past, present and future issues that have and will shape this change.
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Overview
This text examines the major issues and controversies facing police officers today, providing with a solid understanding of the state of policing in the U. S. today.
This main theme of this text is change in policing, and the past, present and future issues that have and will shape this change.
Product Details
| ISBN-13: | 9780205470051 |
|---|---|
| Publisher: | Pearson Education |
| Publication date: | 08/02/2006 |
| Series: | Pearson Criminal Justice Series |
| Edition description: | 1ST |
| Pages: | 400 |
| Product dimensions: | 5.90(w) x 8.90(h) x 0.80(d) |
Table of Contents
Preface
1 RECRUITMENT AND SELECTION
The Traditional Approach
The First Fifty Years of Professional Policing
Reforming the Police: Recruitment and Selection as a First Step
The Emergence of Selection Procedures: Elements of a Standard Process
Current Issues and Controversies
Recruitment
Basic Requirements
Selection Tests
Other Current Issues in Recruitment and Selection
Summary
Key Terms
Discussion Questions
Appendix 1A Scholar’s Perspective: The Challenge of Police Recruitment, by Heath Grant
References
2 TRAINING THE POLICE
Craft versus Profession
Policing as a Craft
Policing as a Profession
Finding the Middle Ground: Reducing the Gap between the Academy and the Street
The Need for Training and Education
Police Academy Training
Historical Perspective
The Traditional Academy Model
Shortcomings of the Traditional Academy Training
Field Training Officer Programs
The San Jose Model
The Benefits of an FTO Program
Performance Evaluation of Rookies
Selecting the Field Training Officers
An Example of an FTO Program
In-Service Training
Specialized Training
Management Training
Current Issues
Changing the Traditional Police Academy Pedagogy: Andragogy
Training in Community/Problem-Oriented Policing
Multicultural/Diversity Training
Stress Management Training
Domestic Violence Training
Training in Handling the Mentally Ill
Training in Communication and Writing
Technology and Training
Counterterrorism Training
Summary
Key Terms
Discussion Questions
Appendix 2A Scholar’s Perspective: Police Training in America, by Maria (Maki) Haberfeld
References
3 DEVELOPING THE PROFESSIONAL POLICING MODEL
The Origins of Professional Policing: Sir Robert Peel and the Metropolitan London Police
The Impetus for Change in London
Sir Robert Peel and the Metropolitan Police Act of 1829
The Need for Development of Professional Policing in the United States
U.S. Policing in the Nineteenth Century
Who Became Police Officers and How Did They Get the Job?
The Activities of the Nineteenth-Century U.S. Police Officer
Corruption and Brutality
Reforming the Police
A First Attempt at Reform
A Second Effort at Police Reform
Cracks in the Foundation of the Professional Police Model
A Partial Success
Signs of Trouble: Prohibition and the Wickersham Commission
The Police Subculture and the Working Personality
The 1950s and 1960s: National Crisis and the Police
The Research Revolution
Fallout from the 1960s: Policing Comes Full Circle
Summary
Key Terms
Discussion Questions
Appendix 3A Scholar’s Perspective: Populism, Politics, and the Struggle for Police Professionalism in the United States, by Anders Walker
References
4 NEW POLICING PHILOSOPHIES AND STRATEGIES
Problem-Oriented Policing
Theoretical Foundations
The Basic Elements of Problem-Oriented Policing: The SARA Model
Characteristics of the Problem-Oriented Police Department
Diffusion: How Widespread Is Problem-Oriented Policing?
Research on the Effectiveness of Problem-Oriented Policing
Limitations and Questions
Community-Oriented Policing
Theoretical Foundations
Core Features of Community Policing
Diffusion
Research on the Effectiveness of Community Policing
Limitations and Questions
CompStat
Background
The Stages of CompStat
The Six Core Components
Diffusion and Impact of CompStat
Zero Tolerance Policing
The Principles of Zero Tolerance Policing
The Impact of Zero Tolerance Policing
COP, POP, CompStat, and Zero Tolerance: Similarities and Differences
Summary
Key Terms
Discussion Questions
Appendix 4A Scholar’s Perspective: Ethical Complexities of Broken Windows Policing Strategies, by Justin Ready
References
5 THE POLICE ORGANIZATION
The Police Bureaucracy
Bureaucracy and the Police
The Quasi-Military Style of Policing
Civil Service
Police Unions
Function and Structure of the Police Organization
Functions of the Police
Structure of the Police Organization
Supervision and Leadership
Current Issues in Police Management and Organization
Alternative Organizational Methods
Manpower and Resource Shortages
Militarization of the Police
Summary
Key Terms
Discussion Questions
Appendix 5A Scholar’s Perspective: Restructuring of the City of Paterson, New Jersey, Police Department, by Michael C. Walker
References
6 POLICE FIELD WORK
Police and the Law
Key Legal Principles and Issues from the Bill of Rights: Search, Seizure, and Arrest
Current Issues and Controversies Involving the Law
Discretion and Decision Making
Defining and Discovering Discretion
The Context of Police Decision Making
Understanding the Complexity of Police Decision Making
Building on What We Know: Increasing the Rationality of Police Decision Making
New (and Some Old) Crime Problems
Drugs and Gangs
Policing Domestic Violence
Police and the Mentally Ill
Identity Theft and Computer Crime
Terrorism
Summary
Key Terms
Discussion Questions
Appendix 6A Scholar’s Perspective: The Police and Sex Offenders, by Karen J. Terry
References
7 MEASURING POLICE PERFORMANCE
The Unclear Police Mandate
Traditional Measures of Police Performance
The Numbers Game
Summary
New Measures of Police Performance
At the Department Level
At the Individual Officer Level
Summary
Key Terms
Discussion Questions
Appendix 7A Practitioner’s Perspective: Measuring Police Officer Performance in the NYPD, by Anthony J. Raganella
References
8 POLICE MISCONDUCT
Defining and Measuring Police Misconduct
Police Crime
Occupational Deviance
Corruption
Abuse of Authority
U.S. Policing and Misconduct: History, Prevalence, and Consequences
The History of U.S. Policing and Misconduct
How Prevalent Is Police Misconduct Today?
The Consequences of Police Misconduct
Theoretical Frameworks for Understanding Police Misconduct
The Rotten Apple Theory
Structural Explanations
The Persistent Problems for Police
Abuse of Authority
Corruption
Prejudice and Discrimination
Summary
Key Terms
Discussion Questions
Appendix 8A Scholar’s Perspective: Police Pursuit: Policies and Training, by Geoffrey P. Alpert
References
9 POLICE ACCOUNTABILITY: INTERNAL MECHANISMS
Internal Control Mechanisms
Careful Recruitment and Selection of Personnel
Police Training
Supervision
Administrative Guidance
Internal Affairs
Integrity Tests
Accreditation
Changing the Subculture
The Central Role of the Chief
Summary
Key Terms
Discussion Questions
Appendix 9A Scholar’s Perspective: Early Warning Systems: Responding to the Problem Police Officer, by Samuel Walker, Geoffrey P. Alpert, and Dennis J. Kenney
References
10 POLICE ACCOUNTABILITY: EXTERNAL MECHANISMS
External Control Mechanisms
Criminal Law: Prosecuting the Police
Civil Litigation: Suing the Police
Judicial Intervention
Special Investigations
U.S. Department of Justice Consent Decrees
Citizen Oversight
Public Interest Groups, the Media, and the Public
Summary
Key Terms
Discussion Questions
Appendix 10A Scholar’s Perspective: Supercession of the Camden, New Jersey, Police Department, by Carmen V. LaBruno
References
11 TECHNOLOGY AND THE POLICE
Stages of Technological Advancement
The First Stage: 1881-1945
The Second Stage: 1946-1959
The Third Stage: 1960-1979
The Fourth Stage: 1980-present
Crime Scene Investigation
Historical Perspective
The Locard Principle and Physical Evidence
Basic Procedures in Crime Scene Investigation
The Realities of Crime Scene Investigation
Crime Analysis
Historical Perspective
Crime Analysis in the Twenty-First Century
Geographic Information Systems (GIS)
Other Technological Advances
Computers and the Internet
Global Positioning Systems (GPS)
Closed Circuit Television
NIBRS
Biometrics
Cold Case Squads
Less-than-Lethal Weapons
Imaging
Summary
Key Terms
Discussion Questions
Appendix 11A Scholar’s Perspective: Crime Mapping – A Tool for Law Enforcement, by Jennifer B. Robinson
References
12 NEXT STEPS AND CHALLENGES FOR POLICE
The Future of Policing
Recruitment and Selection
Training the Police
New Philosophies and Strategies
Organizational Issues
Police Field Work
Measuring Police Performance
Police Deviance and Responding to It
Technology
Summary
Key Terms
Discussion Questions
Appendix 12A Scholar’s Perspective: COPS and CSI: Reality Television? by Michael Hallett
References
INDEX