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9780826330666
Preface xi
Introduction 1
The Meaning of Disease 2
Approaches to Understanding Disease 5
Coming Together 6
Germs, Genes, Geography, and Human Behavior 7
Concluding Comments 8
The War between Microbes and Men 9
The Good, the Bad, and the Ugly 12
The War Zone 19
Immunity throughout the Life Cycle 24
Concluding Comments 24
Early Humans and Their Diseases 27
Wanderlust 27
Evolutionary Hitchhikers 28
Herpes 30
Roving Parasites and Opportunistic Microbes 33
Insect Carriers of Disease 34
Hitchhiking Insects 35
Ingestion of Parasites 37
Trichinosis 39
Tapeworms (Cestodes) 40
Noninfectious Disease and Dental Disease 41
Paleolithic Times 42
Concluding Comments 43
The Seeds of Change 45
Prologue 45
The Best of Times 47
Changing Times 48
Changes in Disease Patterns 51
Rodent-borne Diseases 52
Insect-borne Diseases 54
Togetherness in a Crowded Village 57
Intestinal Roundworms (Nematodes) 58
Hookworms 61
Noninfectious Disease and Dental Disease 62
Concluding Comments 63
Mosquitoes, Malaria, and Gene Wars 67
Shifting Paradigms 67
The Vectors of Malaria 69
Evolution of Malaria 74
The Lives of the Plasmodia Parasites of Malaria 76
The Disease Complex 80
Endemic versus Epidemic Malaria 85
Surviving the New Order through Genetics 86
Concluding Comments 96
Invitation to a Minute Worm: The Schistosomes 99
Background Check 99
The Onerous Guest 100
The African Invitation 105
The Asian Invitation 110
Concluding Comments 112
Braving New Worlds: Invisible Enemies of Settlers 115
Paradise Found and Lost 115
Avoiding Africa's Fly Belts and the Sleeping Sickness 117
Making Room for Chagas' Disease in the New World 122
Leishmaniases: Old and New World 125
Flying Worms (Filariae) 130
Concluding Comments 134
Domesticated Animals and Disease 137
Man's Best Friend 138
Dogs and Rabies 139
Cat Fanciers 140
Cats and Toxoplasmosis 141
Taking Stock 143
Goats and Brucellosis 147
Bringing the Cows Home, and Anthrax 150
No News Is Good News in the New World 153
Concluding Comments 154
Cows, Mycobacteria, and Tuberculosis 157
Mycobacteria 157
Cows and the Mycobacteria of Tuberculosis 158
Tuberculosis: The Human Disease 160
Disease from Environmental Mycobacteria 166
The Ancient Trail of Tuberculosis 167
Concluding Comments 171
The Moral Disease: Leprosy 173
What Makes a Leper? 173
The Culprit of Leprosy 174
Different Sores for Different Folks 176
The History of Leprosy 180
Concluding Comments 182
The Coming of Civilization 185
The Lands of Plenty 186
Opportunity Knocks 188
Evolution of Childhood Diseases 190
Concluding Comments 200
Syphilis: The Great Change Artist 201
The Agent 201
The Many Faces of Syphilis 203
The Yaws Version 204
The Pinta Version 205
Nonvenereal Syphilis 206
Venereal Syphilis 207
Different Scenes, Different Patterns of Sores 207
Congenital Syphilis 211
Changeovers 212
The Great Historical Pretense and the Facts 213
Concluding Comments 217
Memories of Smallpox 221
The Virus 221
The Disease 223
The Trail of Smallpox 226
Desperate Measures 230
Cowpox 233
The Hybrid Virus 233
Concluding Comments 234
Pestilence, Plague, and Rats 237
Rats Take Over the World 238
Rat Fleas and Yersinia pestis 241
The Disease 243
Origin and Spread: The Great Rat Migrations 244
Concluding Comments 248
Of Lice and Men: Plus Ticks, Mites, and Chiggers 251
Lice and Men at War 251
Wild Flea-borne Typhus 253
Human (Louse-borne) Typhus 255
Brill-Zinsser Disease 257
History of Typhus 258
Trench Fever 261
Ticks, Mites, Chiggers, and Spotted Fevers 262
Concluding Comments 267
Marching to a New World Order: European Expansion and the Industrial Revolution 269
Medieval Prologue 269
The Great Paradigm Shift 271
The Great Leap Forward 273
Concluding Comments 276
Easy Route to Fame and Gripe: Cholera, the Salmonella Gang, and Other Prominent Gut Bugs 279
The Story of Cholera 280
The Salmonella Gang 287
Other Prominent Gut Bugs 293
Concluding Comments 297
Transoceanic Hitchhikers: Yellow Fever and Its Dengue Cousin 299
Yellow Fever 300
The Yellow Fever Viral Impact on the Human Host 303
Yellow Fever Epilogue 305
Dengue Fever 306
Primary Infection of Dengue Fever 307
Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever 309
Concluding Comments 310
Food for Thought: The Mystery Diseases 313
Food Choices and Availability 314
The Mystery Diseases: For Lack of Certain Nutrients 316
The Land of All You Can Eat 331
Concluding Comments 334
The Globalization of Influenza 337
What Is Influenza? 337
The Agents of Infection 339
Shifting Subtypes and Drifting New Lineages 342
The 1918 Influenza Pandemic 343
Early History of Influenza 346
Post-1918 Influenza 348
The 1976 Swine Flu Fiasco 349
The 1997 Bird Flu Scare 351
Concluding Comments 352
Diseases of Modern Civilization 355
On the Road to Affluence 355
Operation "Clean Sweep" 357
Epidemic Poliomyelitis 359
Meningococcal Meningitis 362
The Hepatitis World 364
Obstreperous Strep and the Staph of Life 367
Opportunistic Legionnaire's Disease 375
Lyme Disease 376
The Mystery of Chronic Diseases 380
Cancer Wars 382
Concluding Comments 385
The New Viral Wars and Sleeping Dragons 387
The HIV/AIDS Pandemic 388
Hemorrhagic Fevers 398
Viral Encephalitis 406
Concluding Comments 411
Back to the Future 413
SARS: The Warning Shot Heard around the World 414
Pollution's Progress 415
A Word about Fungus 418
Germs and Chemicals Designed for War 419
Mad Cows, Designer Pigs, and Fancy Plants 422
The Greatest Danger: A Crowded World 425
Out of Order 426
Concluding Comments: Ignorance Is Not Bliss 428
Works Cited 429
Index 469
Diseases and Human Evolution / Edition 1 available in Paperback, eBook
- ISBN-10:
- 0826330665
- ISBN-13:
- 9780826330666
- Pub. Date:
- 02/16/2007
- Publisher:
- University of New Mexico Press
- ISBN-10:
- 0826330665
- ISBN-13:
- 9780826330666
- Pub. Date:
- 02/16/2007
- Publisher:
- University of New Mexico Press
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Overview
Urgent interest in new diseases, such as the coronavirus, and the resurgence of older diseases like tuberculosis has fostered questions about the history of human infectious diseases. How did they evolve? Where did they originate? What natural factors have stalled the progression of diseases or made them possible? How does a microorganism become a pathogen? How have infectious diseases changed through time? What can we do to control their occurrence? ;Ethne Barnes offers answers to these questions, using information from history and medicine as well as from anthropology. She focuses on changes in the patterns of human behavior through cultural evolution and how they have affected the development of human diseases. ;Writing in a clear, lively style, Barnes offers general overviews of every variety of disease and their carriers, from insects and worms through rodent vectors to household pets and farm animals. She devotes whole chapters to major infectious diseases such as leprosy, syphilis, smallpox, and influenza. Other chapters concentrate on categories of diseases ("gut bugs," for example, including cholera, typhus, and salmonella). The final chapters cover diseases that have made headlines in recent years, among them mad cow disease, West Nile virus, and Lyme disease. ;In the tradition of Berton Roueché, Hans Zinsser, and Sherwin Nuland, Ethne Barnes answers questions you never knew you had about the germs that have threatened us throughout human history.
Product Details
ISBN-13: | 9780826330666 |
---|---|
Publisher: | University of New Mexico Press |
Publication date: | 02/16/2007 |
Pages: | 496 |
Product dimensions: | 6.00(w) x 9.00(h) x 1.20(d) |
About the Author
Ethne Barnes is research consultant in physical anthropology/paleopathology with the Corinth excavations of the American School of Classical Studies, Athens, Greece. She serves in the same capacity for the INAH La Playa burial excavations in Northwest Mexico.
Table of Contents
Preface xi
Introduction 1
The Meaning of Disease 2
Approaches to Understanding Disease 5
Coming Together 6
Germs, Genes, Geography, and Human Behavior 7
Concluding Comments 8
The War between Microbes and Men 9
The Good, the Bad, and the Ugly 12
The War Zone 19
Immunity throughout the Life Cycle 24
Concluding Comments 24
Early Humans and Their Diseases 27
Wanderlust 27
Evolutionary Hitchhikers 28
Herpes 30
Roving Parasites and Opportunistic Microbes 33
Insect Carriers of Disease 34
Hitchhiking Insects 35
Ingestion of Parasites 37
Trichinosis 39
Tapeworms (Cestodes) 40
Noninfectious Disease and Dental Disease 41
Paleolithic Times 42
Concluding Comments 43
The Seeds of Change 45
Prologue 45
The Best of Times 47
Changing Times 48
Changes in Disease Patterns 51
Rodent-borne Diseases 52
Insect-borne Diseases 54
Togetherness in a Crowded Village 57
Intestinal Roundworms (Nematodes) 58
Hookworms 61
Noninfectious Disease and Dental Disease 62
Concluding Comments 63
Mosquitoes, Malaria, and Gene Wars 67
Shifting Paradigms 67
The Vectors of Malaria 69
Evolution of Malaria 74
The Lives of the Plasmodia Parasites of Malaria 76
The Disease Complex 80
Endemic versus Epidemic Malaria 85
Surviving the New Order through Genetics 86
Concluding Comments 96
Invitation to a Minute Worm: The Schistosomes 99
Background Check 99
The Onerous Guest 100
The African Invitation 105
The Asian Invitation 110
Concluding Comments 112
Braving New Worlds: Invisible Enemies of Settlers 115
Paradise Found and Lost 115
Avoiding Africa's Fly Belts and the Sleeping Sickness 117
Making Room for Chagas' Disease in the New World 122
Leishmaniases: Old and New World 125
Flying Worms (Filariae) 130
Concluding Comments 134
Domesticated Animals and Disease 137
Man's Best Friend 138
Dogs and Rabies 139
Cat Fanciers 140
Cats and Toxoplasmosis 141
Taking Stock 143
Goats and Brucellosis 147
Bringing the Cows Home, and Anthrax 150
No News Is Good News in the New World 153
Concluding Comments 154
Cows, Mycobacteria, and Tuberculosis 157
Mycobacteria 157
Cows and the Mycobacteria of Tuberculosis 158
Tuberculosis: The Human Disease 160
Disease from Environmental Mycobacteria 166
The Ancient Trail of Tuberculosis 167
Concluding Comments 171
The Moral Disease: Leprosy 173
What Makes a Leper? 173
The Culprit of Leprosy 174
Different Sores for Different Folks 176
The History of Leprosy 180
Concluding Comments 182
The Coming of Civilization 185
The Lands of Plenty 186
Opportunity Knocks 188
Evolution of Childhood Diseases 190
Concluding Comments 200
Syphilis: The Great Change Artist 201
The Agent 201
The Many Faces of Syphilis 203
The Yaws Version 204
The Pinta Version 205
Nonvenereal Syphilis 206
Venereal Syphilis 207
Different Scenes, Different Patterns of Sores 207
Congenital Syphilis 211
Changeovers 212
The Great Historical Pretense and the Facts 213
Concluding Comments 217
Memories of Smallpox 221
The Virus 221
The Disease 223
The Trail of Smallpox 226
Desperate Measures 230
Cowpox 233
The Hybrid Virus 233
Concluding Comments 234
Pestilence, Plague, and Rats 237
Rats Take Over the World 238
Rat Fleas and Yersinia pestis 241
The Disease 243
Origin and Spread: The Great Rat Migrations 244
Concluding Comments 248
Of Lice and Men: Plus Ticks, Mites, and Chiggers 251
Lice and Men at War 251
Wild Flea-borne Typhus 253
Human (Louse-borne) Typhus 255
Brill-Zinsser Disease 257
History of Typhus 258
Trench Fever 261
Ticks, Mites, Chiggers, and Spotted Fevers 262
Concluding Comments 267
Marching to a New World Order: European Expansion and the Industrial Revolution 269
Medieval Prologue 269
The Great Paradigm Shift 271
The Great Leap Forward 273
Concluding Comments 276
Easy Route to Fame and Gripe: Cholera, the Salmonella Gang, and Other Prominent Gut Bugs 279
The Story of Cholera 280
The Salmonella Gang 287
Other Prominent Gut Bugs 293
Concluding Comments 297
Transoceanic Hitchhikers: Yellow Fever and Its Dengue Cousin 299
Yellow Fever 300
The Yellow Fever Viral Impact on the Human Host 303
Yellow Fever Epilogue 305
Dengue Fever 306
Primary Infection of Dengue Fever 307
Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever 309
Concluding Comments 310
Food for Thought: The Mystery Diseases 313
Food Choices and Availability 314
The Mystery Diseases: For Lack of Certain Nutrients 316
The Land of All You Can Eat 331
Concluding Comments 334
The Globalization of Influenza 337
What Is Influenza? 337
The Agents of Infection 339
Shifting Subtypes and Drifting New Lineages 342
The 1918 Influenza Pandemic 343
Early History of Influenza 346
Post-1918 Influenza 348
The 1976 Swine Flu Fiasco 349
The 1997 Bird Flu Scare 351
Concluding Comments 352
Diseases of Modern Civilization 355
On the Road to Affluence 355
Operation "Clean Sweep" 357
Epidemic Poliomyelitis 359
Meningococcal Meningitis 362
The Hepatitis World 364
Obstreperous Strep and the Staph of Life 367
Opportunistic Legionnaire's Disease 375
Lyme Disease 376
The Mystery of Chronic Diseases 380
Cancer Wars 382
Concluding Comments 385
The New Viral Wars and Sleeping Dragons 387
The HIV/AIDS Pandemic 388
Hemorrhagic Fevers 398
Viral Encephalitis 406
Concluding Comments 411
Back to the Future 413
SARS: The Warning Shot Heard around the World 414
Pollution's Progress 415
A Word about Fungus 418
Germs and Chemicals Designed for War 419
Mad Cows, Designer Pigs, and Fancy Plants 422
The Greatest Danger: A Crowded World 425
Out of Order 426
Concluding Comments: Ignorance Is Not Bliss 428
Works Cited 429
Index 469
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