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Overview
While most would think of the modern Gay Rights Movement as beginning in the 1960s, in reality, the issue of nonheterosexual human behavior within society and the campaign to achieve equality and acceptance have existed far earlier. Beginning with the First People in the Americas and their acceptance of tribal members who did not conform to gender and sexual binary roles, to the expansion west and establishment of the United States as a Republic, to the contentious struggles for equality in the 20th and 21st centuries, this reference traces the development of the Gay Rights Movement through the examination of primary source materials related to the incremental changes toward making America safe for all people.
These documents enable readers to reflect on pivotal moments in the LGBT rights and sexual equality movement in the past up to the achievement of marriage equality. A modern chronology traces key events in the Gay Rights Movement across the last 70 years, such as those during the World War II era, the formation of the Mattachine Society in Los Angeles in the 1950s, to the Stonewall Riot in New York in the late 1960s, the elimination of the category of homosexuality as a mental disorder in 1973, the judgment in 2003 by the U.S. Supreme Court that laws criminalizing sodomy are unconstitutional, and the legalization of same-sex marriage in all U.S. states in 2015.
Product Details
| ISBN-13: | 9781440855016 |
|---|---|
| Publisher: | Bloomsbury Academic |
| Publication date: | 05/25/2018 |
| Series: | ABC-CLIO Eyewitness to History Series |
| Pages: | 304 |
| Product dimensions: | 7.25(w) x 10.25(h) x 0.95(d) |
About the Author
Table of Contents
Preface xi
Evaluating and Interpreting Primary Documents xiii
Introduction xv
Chronology xlv
Chapter 1 Early America 1
1 Navajo Sacredness for Nadleeh 1
2 Indian Sodomy in Florida (1528 and 1702 Reports) 2
3 Virginia Sodomy Law (1610) 3
4 The Execution of Richard Cornish (1624-1625) 3
5 William Plaine Executed in New England for Teaching Masturbation (1646) 4
6 African American Jan Creoli Killed and Burned in Dutch Colony (1646) 4
7 Sara Norman and Mary Hammon Accused of Lewd Behavior (1649) 5
8 New Haven Law Prohibits Lesbianism (1655) 5
9 Puritan Sermon on the Cry of Sodom (1674) 6
10 Illinois Indian Transgender (1677) 7
11 Pirates in the Caribbean (1724) 8
12 Commentaries on the Laws of England (1765) 10
13 Spanish Colonial Suppression of Sodomites in California (1775-1777) 11
14 Spanish Priests Condemn Transgendered Yuma Indians (1775) 11
Further Reading 12
Chapter 2 Early United States of America 13
15 U.S. Declaration of Independence (1776) 13
16 U.S. Constitution and Bill of Rights (1791) 14
17 Bachelor Friendships of the Nineteenth Century (1840) 15
18 National Women's Rights Convention (1852) 17
19 Walt Whitman and the Homoerotic Poetry of Democracy (1860) 18
20 Fourteenth Amendment to the Constitution (1868) 18
21 Walt Whitman's Democratic Vistas (1870) 19
22 Females Passing as Men (1894) 20
Further Reading 21
Chapter 3 Turn of the Twentieth Century through World War I 23
23 Anthony Comstock Seeks to Imprison Inverts (1900) 23
24 U.S. Navy Entraps Homosexuals (1919) 24
25 Society for Human Rights (1924) 25
26 The Well of Loneliness (1929) 29
Further Reading 30
Chapter 4 World War II to 1950 31
27 The German Criminal Code, Paragraph 175 (1935) 31
28 Sigmund Freud on Homosexuality (1935) 32
29 Lesbian Challenges Georgia's Sodomy Law (1939) 33
30 Lesbians in the Women's Army Corps (1945) 34
31 Psychiatrists Oppose Homosexual Rights Laws (1945) 35
32 Vice Versa Predictions (1947) 36
33 Employment of Homosexuals and Other Sex Perverts (1950) 37
Further Reading 39
Chapter 5 1950s 41
34 Formation of the Mattachine Society (1950) 42
35 Mattachine Society Meetings (1950) 43
36 Mattachine Protests Police Entrapment (1952) 44
37 Jim Kepner's First Mattachine Meeting (1953) 45
38 Tampa Lesbian Bar Raid (1953) 46
39 The Crittenden Report on Homosexuality in the U.S. Navy (1957) 48
40 Evelyn Hooker's Psychological Research (1957) 49
41 Supreme Court Rules One Is Not Obscene (1958) 51
42 Mattachine National Convention (1959) 53
Further Reading 54
Chapter 6 1960s 57
43 Jose Sarria Runs for San Francisco City Council (1961) 57
44 ACLU Begins Gay Rights Cases (1963) 59
45 Mohave Indian Two-Spirit Person (1964) 61
46 Mattachine Pickets the White House (1965) 61
47 San Francisco Activism (1965) 62
48 Lesbian Activism and The Ladder (1966) 64
49 Supreme Court Excludes and Deports Homosexual Immigrants (1967) 65
50 Homophile Action League (1968) 66
51 Employment Rights: Norton v. Macy (1969) 67
52 Teachers' Rights: Morrison v. State Board of Education (1969) 69
53 Stonewall Inn Riots and the Beginning of the Modern Gay Rights Movement (1969) 69
Further Reading 71
Chapter 7 1970s 73
54 Gay Liberation Front and the Gay Activists Alliance (1970) 73
55 "Gay Lib Zaps Psychologists" (1970) 75
56 Congress to Unite Women (1970) 76
57 Democratic Party Convention (1972) 76
58 Mass Murder at the UpStairs Lounge (1973) 77
59 Multiple Struggles for Lesbian Women of Color (1973) 78
60 Parents and Friends of Lesbians and Gays (1973) 79
61 Gay Rights to Organize: Gay Students Org. v. Bonner (1974) 80
62 The National Federation of Priests' Councils (NFPC) (1974) 81
63 Lesbian Child Custody Rights (1974) 82
64 Lesbians as the Vanguard of Feminism (1975) 82
65 The American Psychological Association Removes Homosexuality from D5M (1975) 83
66 Military Service: Matlovich v. Secretary of the Air Force (1976) 85
67 Union of American Hebrew Congregations Resolution (1977) 86
68 Teachers' Rights: Gaylord v. Tacoma School Dist. No. 10 (1977) 87
69 Civil Service Reform Act (1978) 88
70 Harvey Milk on the San Francisco Board of Supervisors (1978) 89
71 Coming Out as Free Speech: Gay Law Students Ass'n v. Pacific Tele. and Tel. Co. (1979) 92
Further Reading 93
Chapter 8 1980s 95
72 Anita Bryant's Startling Reversal (1980) 95
73 Democratic Party and Gay Rights (1980) 96
74 Gay Students' Rights: Fricke v. Lynch (1980) 97
75 Wisconsin Antidiscrimination Law (1981) 99
76 Violence against Lesbians (1982) 100
77 Lesbians of Color Conference (1983) 101
78 Teachers' Rights: National Gay Task Force v. Board of Education of Oklahoma City (1985) 103
79 Private Consensual Sexual Behavior: Bowers v. Hardwick (1986) 104
80 Dignity USA's Response to the "Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith-On the Pastoral Care of Homosexual Persons …" (1986) 106
81 AIDS as God's Punishment (1987) 107
82 ACT UP (AIDS Coalition to Unleash Power) (1987) 108
83 Old Lesbians Organizing for Change (OLOC) Mission Statement (1987) 110
84 National Coming Out Day (1988) 111
85 Congressman William Dannemeyer Opposes Gay Rights (1989) 112
86 A Jewish Rabbi's Acceptance of Gay and Lesbian Rights (1989) 113
87 Employment Rights: Price Waterhouse v. Hopkins (1989) 114
88 Family Issues: Braschi v. Stahl Associates Co. (1989) 116
Further Reading 117
Chapter 9 1990s 119
89 Queer Nation (1990) 119
90 Asylum from Torture: Matter of Toboso-Alfonso (1990) 120
91 Child Custody by De Facto Parents: Alison D. v. Virginia M. (1991) 121
92 Bisexuals and Gay Rights (1991) 122
93 Gays in the Republican Party (1991) 123
94 Removing Prohibitions on Same-Sex Behavior: Kentucky v. Wasson (1992) 124
95 Colorado Amendment 2 (1992) 125
96 Same-Sex Marriage in Hawaii: Baehrv, Lewin (1993) 127
97 Lesbian Attorney Appointed to High Federal Government Position (1993) 128
98 Barry Goldwater on Gays in the Military (1993) 129
99 March on Washington (1993) 130
100 Don't Ask, Don't Tell (1993) 132
101 Catholic Condemnation of Homosexuality (1994) 134
102 Ex-Gays Condemn Gay Rights (1994) 135
103 Sharon Bottoms Child Custody Court Case: Bottoms v. Bottoms (1994 and 1995) 136
104 Lesbianas Unidas (1994) 137
105 "Cocktail" Helps Manage HIV Infection Transforming AIDS into a Chronic Disease Instead of a Death Sentence (1995) 139
106 The Lesbian Avengers (1995) 140
107 Discrimination by Private Organizations: Hurley v. Irish-American Gay, Lesbian, and Bisexual Group of Boston (1995) 141
108 Communications Decency Act (1996) 143
109 Brandon Teena Murder Trial (1996) 144
110 Protection from Discrimination for LGBT Citizens: Romer v. Evans-Overturning Colorado "Amendment 2" (1996) 146
111 Harassment of Gay Students: Nabozny v. Podlesny (1996) 147
112 Defense of Marriage Act (DOMA) (1996) 148
113 Galluccio-Holden Adoption Lawsuit (1997) 151
114 Gay and Lesbian Alliance Against Defamation (1997) 152
115 Transsexual Name Change: In re McIntyre (1996) 153
116 AIDS and the Americans with Disabilities Act: Bragdon v. Abbot (1998) 155
117 Same-Sex Marriage Equality: Baker v. Vermont (1999) 156
118 Overturning State Sodomy Laws (1999) 157
119 Student Rights to Form Gay Clubs: East High Gay/Straight Alliance v. Board of Education (1999) 159
120 Human Rights Campaign Statement on Why Reparative Therapy and Ex-Gay Ministries Fail 161
121 Diversity Training: Altman v. Minnesota Department of Corrections (1999) 162
Further Reading 164
Chapter 10 2000s 165
122 The Westboro Baptist Church and Its Message of Hate 165
123 Student Group Rights to University Funding: Board of Regents of the University of Wisconsin System v. Southworth (2000) 166
124 Gay Rights to Belong to a Group: Boy Scouts of America v. Dale (2000) 167
125 Transgender Rights and the ACLU (2000) 171
126 Transsexual Rights: Schwenk v. Hartford (2000) 171
127 Antigay Hate Crimes in High Schools (2000) 173
128 Millennium March on Washington (2000) 175
129 Dr. Robert Spitzer Claims Sexual Orientation Can Be Changed. Twelve Years Later He Rescinds His Research and Issues a Formal Public Apology (2003) 178
130 The Supreme Court Rules That Antisodomy Laws Are Unconstitutional: Lawrence v. Texas, 539 U.S.558 (2003) 180
131 Uniting American Families Act (2007) 181
132 Matthew Shepard Act (2007) 183
133 In re Marriage Cases: Opinion (2008) California's Ban on Same-Sex Marriages Is Unconstitutional 185
134 In re Marriage Cases: Dissent (2008) 187
Further Reading 188
Chapter 11 2010s 191
135 The Repeal of "Don't Ask, Don't Tell" (2010) 192
136 Lawsuit by Sexual Minorities Uganda v. Scott Lively for Pushing His Antigay Hate in a Foreign Country (2012) 193
137 California's Law Bans Sexual Orientation Change Efforts (SOCE): Senate Bill No.1172 (2012) 197
138 President of Exodus International Apologies for the Hurt, Pain, and Failure Caused by Their Decades-Long Effort to Change Sexual Orientation (2013) 198
139 U.S. Supreme Court Lets Ban against Proposition 8 Stand, Allowing Same-Sex Marriage in California: Hollingsworth et al. v. Perry et al. (2013) 200
140 Supreme Court Rules That DOMA Is Unconstitutional: UNITED STATES v. WINDSOR, Executor of the ESTATE OF SPYER, et al. (2013) 201
141 Arizona's Attempted Legislation to Allow Discrimination Based on Religious Freedom: SB1062 (2014) 203
142 The National Association for Research and Therapy of Homosexuality (NARTH) and Its Purpose (2014) 205
143 Same-Sex Marriage Legalized (2015) 206
144 County Clerk Kim Davis Released from jail for Defying Court Order to Issue Marriage Licenses to Same-Sex Couples (2015) 210
145 Baptist Pastor Calls on God to Kill More Gays after the Pulse Gay Nightclub Massacre in Orlando, Florida (2016) 212
146 Bills to Restrict Transgender People from Using Public Bathrooms Passed in North Carolina (2016) 214
147 National Center for Lesbian Rights Sues Utah over "No-Promo Homo" Law (2016) 217
148 Apology for Past Antigay Discrimination Made by State Department Removed from Web Site When Donald Trump Assumes the U.S. Presidency (2017) 219
149 Federal Appeals Court Rules the 1964 Civil Rights Act Protects LGBT Employees from Workplace Discrimination (2017) 220
Further Reading 223
Index 225