Drilling Mechanics: Advanced Applications and Technology

by Evren M. Ozbayoglu, Stefan Z. Miska, Robert F. Mitchell

Overview

Master the principles and practices of modern drilling mechanics

This in-depth guide offers complete coverage of drilling mechanics with a focus on the horizontal drilling of shale plays and offshore wells. The book lays out drilling engineering fundamentals and clearly explains the latest technological developments. Written by a team of seasoned educators, Drilling Engineering: Advanced Applications and Technology covers every key topic, including geo-mechanics for drilling applications, well construction techniques, wellbore hydraulics, and optimization. You will enhance your understanding of drilling operations, improve your designs, and plan for more productive and cost-effective wells.

Coverage includes:

• Well construction and hydraulics
• Drillstring mechanics and casing design
• Drilling hydraulics
• Cuttings transport
• Geomechanics
• Fundamentals of rock mechanics
• Wellbore stress, stability, and strengthening
• Coupled fluid flow—stress formulation
• Drilling optimization methods
• Vector and tensor analysis
• Principles of deformable materials
• Elasticity concepts

Product Details

ISBN-13:	9781259643743
Publisher:	McGraw Hill LLC
Publication date:	05/26/2022
Pages:	688
Product dimensions:	6.30(w) x 9.40(h) x 1.80(d)

About the Author

Stefan Z. Miska is the retired Jonathan Detwiler endowed chair professor of petroleum engineering and former director of Tulsa University Drilling Research Projects (TUDRP) at the University of Tulsa. Currently he is one of associates with Stephen J. Miska and Associates LLC. He is an Honorary Member of Mining, Metallurgical, and Petroleum Engineers. He has published over 250 technical papers and contributed to several books.

Robert F. Mitchell is the president of Well Complete, LLC. He has published over 100 papers on wellbore and well completion problems.

Evren M. Ozbayoglu is an associate professor at The University of Tulsa’s McDougall School of Petroleum Engineering. He has authored numerous publications, papers, and book chapters.

Table of Contents

Introduction xi

Part 1 Well Construction and Hydraulics

1 Drillstring Mechanics and Casing Design 3

1.1 Geometry of Curves in Space 5

1.2 Calculating a Wellbore Trajectory 7

1.3 Mechanical Response of a Drillstring 9

1.4 Classical Torque and Drag Analysis 13

1.4.1 Torque Calculations 15

1.4.2 Drag Calculations 17

1.4.3 Two-Dimensional Drag Calculations 17

1.4.4 Critique of Classical Torque-Drag Model 19

1.5 Beam-Column Drillstring Analysis 21

1.5.1 Analytic Drillstring Solutions 22

1.5.2 BHA Analysis 24

1.5.3 Beam-Column Torque and Drag Analysis 28

1.5.4 Full Drillstring Analysis 32

1.6 Tubular Buckling 33

1.6.1 The Buckling Force 33

1.6.2 Buckling Stability 34

1.6.3 Buckling Initiation in Deviated Wells 36

1.6.4 Helical Buckling Initiation 36

1.6.5 Buckling Equilibrium 37

1.7 Dynamic Drillstring Analysis 41

1.8 Fundamentals of Casing Design 45

1.8.1 Casing Setting Depths 46

1.8.2 Casing Stress Analysis 48

1.8.3 Casing Body Failure Criteria 51

1.8.4 Casing Connector Failure Criteria 56

1.9 Exercises 58

References 60

Supplemental References 61

2 Drilling Hydraulics 63

2.1 Fundamental Equations of Pipe Flow 64

2.1.1 Single-Phase Flow 65

2.1.2 Two-Phase Flow 69

2.2 Wellbore Hydraulic Simulation 71

2.2.1 Static Wellbore Pressure Solutions 72

2.2.2 Flowing Wellbore Pressure Solutions 74

2.2.3 General Steady-Flow Wellbore Pressure Solutions 76

2.2.4 Calculating Pressures in a Wellbore 78

2.3 Flow Correlations 81

2.3.1 Fluid Rheology 83

2.3.2 Laminar Pipe Flow Solutions 85

2.3.3 Slot Laminar Flow Approximating Annulus Laminar Flow 88

2.3.4 Turbulent Pipe Flow Solutions 91

2.3.5 Turbulent Slot Flow Solutions 94

2.3.6 Transition from Laminar to Turbulent Flow 95

2.3.7 Fluid Properties 96

2.3.8 The Rabinowitsch-Mooney Relations and the General Power Law 98

2.4 Multiphase Flow in Wellbores 113

2.4.1 Types of Underbalanced Drilling 114

2.4.2 Hydraulic Calculations 117

2.5 Surge Pressures 122

2.5.1 Dynamic Surge Model 124

2.5.2 Governing Equations-Pipe to Bottomhole Model 126

2.5.3 Governing Equations-Coupled Pipe-Annulus Model 127

2.5.4 Boundary Conditions 128

2.5.5 Pipe and Borehole Expansion 132

2.5.6 Solution Method-Fluid Dynamics 135

2.5.7 Bottomhole Analysis 139

2.6 Exercises 140

Nomenclature 142

References 143

3 Cuttings Transport 149

3.1 Factors Affecting Cuttings Transport 150

3.2 Cuttings Transport in Vertical Wells 153

3.2.1 Particle Slip Velocity 153

3.2.2 Cuttings Transport in Vertical Wells 157

3.3 Cuttings Transport in Deviated Wells 161

3.3.1 Experimental Studies of Cuttings Transport in Deviated Wells 162

3.3.2 Experimental Results-Flow Patterns 164

3.3.3 Flow Pattern Map 167

3.4 Mechanistic Models of Cuttings Transport 168

3.5 Transient Cuttings Transport 175

3.6 Cuttings Transport in Air and Mist Drilling 177

3.6.1 Compressible Flow 177

3.6.2 Cuttings and Mist Flow 180

3.7 Exercises 182

Nomenclature 183

References 185

Supplemental References 186

Part 2 Geomechanics

4 Fundamentals of Rock Mechanics 197

4.1 Poroelasticity 197

4.1.1 Fundamental Concepts 197

4.1.2 Beltrami-Mitchell Equations 203

4.1.3 Kirsh-Type Equations 215

4.1.4 Complete Form of Stress Distribution Around an Inclined Wellbore 224

4.2 Poroplasticity 230

4.2.1 Introduction 230

4.2.2 General Form of the Constitutive Relations of Poroplasticity 231

4.2.3 Loading Surface and Loading/Unloading Criteria 231

4.2.4 Subsequent Loading Function and Hardening Law 232

4.2.5 Incremental Flow Theory of Plasticity 234

4.3 Common Yield and Failure Criteria 237

4.3.1 Mean Stress-Independent Yield/Failure Functions 237

4.3.2 Mean Stress-Dependent Yield Functions 240

4.3.3 Yield Functions for Compactive Geomaterials 251

4.4 Review Questions 256

References 256

Supplemental References 258

5 Wellbore Stress, Stability, and Strengthening 259

5.1 Wellbore Stability-Conventional Approach 259

5.1.1 Fundamental Concepts 259

5.1.2 Wellbore Stability-Fracturing and Collapse-Mud Window 262

5.1.3 Pore Pressure Effect 271

5.1.4 Hydraulic and Thermally induced Stresses 279

5.1.5 Review Questions 282

References 283

5.2 Wellbore Instability in Shales 283

5.2.1 Introduction 283

5.2.2 Chemical View 284

5.2.3 Mechanical View 286

5.2.4 Effect of Water Adsorption 287

5.2.5 Transport Equations 288

5.2.6 Membrane Behavior and Osmotic Pressure 290

5.2.7 Membrane Efficiency 291

5.2.8 Alteration of Physical Properties 292

5.2.9 Common Tests for Shale-Fluid Interaction Study 294

5.2.10 Anisotropic Shear Failure 295

5.2.11 Review Questions 304

References 304

5.3 Dynamic Loading of Wellbore 307

5.3.1 Modeling of Dynamic Loading of Wellbore 307

5.3.2 Prediction of Surge of Swab Pressure 308

5.3.3 Poroelastodynamics Modeling 311

5.3.4 Dynamic Wellbore Stability with Field Cases 313

5.3.5 Comparison Between Dynamic Model and Static Mode 315

5.3.6 Influence of Loading Speeds 315

5.3.7 Experiment of Dynamic Loading of the Wellbore 317

5.3.8 Review Questions 321

References 323

5.4 Wellbore Strengthening 324

5.4.1 Background on Wellbore Strengthening 324

5.4.2 Theories of Wellbore Strengthening Techniques 326

5.4.3 Wellbore Strengthening Materials 330

5.4.4 Analytical Studies of Wellbore Strengthening 332

6.1.3 Poroplastic Stress Path 356

6.1.4 Review Questions 380

References 381

Appendix 382

6.2 Geomechanical Well Testing (GMWT) 383

6.2.1 Overview 383

6.2.2 Conventional Pressure Transient Testing 384

6.2.3 General Description of GMWT Analysis Technique 385

6.2.4 Additional GMWT Application 399

6.2.5 Review Questions 406

References 407

6.3 Laboratory Rock Properties Characterization 408

6.3.1 Sample Preparation Protocols 409

6.3.2 Effect of Length to Diameter Ratio (L/D) on Results from Rock Mechanics Experiments 410

6.3.3 Conventional Triaxial Tests 410

6.3.4 Laboratory Tests for Measuring Poromechanical Properties 414

6.3.5 Compressive Strength Measurements 421

6.3.6 Brittleness 422

6.3.7 Permeability Tests 424

6.3.8 True-Triaxial Testing (TTT) Facility 425

6.3.9 Tensile Strength Measurement 426

6.3.10 Point-Load Tests 427

6.3.11 Thick-Walled Cylinder Tests 428

6.3.12 Depletion and Injection Tests 429

6.3.13 Review Questions 430

References 431

6.4 PDC Cutter/Bit-Rock Interaction 433

6.4.1 Introduction on Modeling of PDC Cutter 433

6.4.2 Poroelastic Modeling of PDC Cutting Process 435

6.4.3 Parametric Studies 441

7.3 Cost-Time Analysis 469

7.4 Data Analytics and Machine Learning Applications 471

7.4.1 Machine Learning 472

7.5 Exercises 487

Nomenclature 488

References 489

8 Some Applications for Drilling Optimization 491

8.1 Casing Setting Depths, Size and Strength of Casing, Tubing Size and Grade 491

8.1.1 Design Lines for Casing Setting Operations 495

8.1.2 Casing Failure Criteria 497

8.1.3 Other Aspects to Be Considered While Casing Design 510

8.2 Drillbit Hydraulics 510

8.3 Tripping Time Considering Dynamic Pipe and Wellbore Loading 519

8.3.1 Axial Force Transfer 520

8.3.2 Buckling of Tubulars 524

8.3.3 Stress Distribution Around a Wellbore 528

8.4 Drilling Mechanics, Bit Choice, Bit Life, Rate of Penetration 533

8.4.1 Bit-Formation Interaction 534

8.4.2 Factors Affecting Rate of Penetration 545

8.4.3 ROP Model (Bourgoyne et al, 1991) 550

8.5 Exercises 553

Nomenclature 555

References 556

A Vector and Tensor Analysis 559

B Fundamental Principles of Deformable Materials 567

C Fundamental Concepts of Elasticity 575

D The Motion of Elastic Rods 597

E Analytic Drillstring Solutions 603

F SI Unit Conversion 619

G Proposed Standard Symbols for Mechanics 627

H Proposed Symbols for Geomechanics 631

Biography 647

Index 651