Table of Contents
Preface 7
Inscriptions
Stela of Mereri (c. 2200 BC) 10
1 Sound Signs 10
2 Direction of Writing 14
3 Vowels and Pronunciation 16
4 Determinatives 18
5 How Do We Know How to Read Hieroglyphs? 20
6 Signs Writing 2 or 3 Sounds 21
7 Sound Complements 23
8 Unexpected Writings 28
9 What is Transliteration? 32
Another Stela of Mereri (c. 2200 BC) 34
10 The Offering Formula 36
11 'a' and' the' 39
12 Even More Unexpected Writings 39
13 Ideograms? 41
14 What is Middle Egyptian? 42
Stela of Minuser(c. 2200 BC) 44
15 Word Order 47
Funerary Stamp of Mermose (c. 1350 BC) 49
Inner Coffin of Khnumhotep, son of Nebtu (c. 1800 BC) 52
16 More About the Offering Formula 53
17 k3 and Identity 55
Stela of Dedu and Satsobk (c. 1900 BC) 58
18 Feminine Words 61
19 Why Food Offerings? 62
Stela of Ty(c. 2200 BC) 64
Stela of Intef and Nesumontju (c. 1700 BC?) 66
20 Titles of Osiris 67
Stela of Shenwy and Hedjret (c. 1900 BC) 68
21 The Dedication Formula 72
22 The Family 73
Coffin of Khnumhotep, Son of Henib (c. 1850 BC) 78
Kings'Names
23 Kings' Titularies 82
Stela of Djet, from his Tomb at Abydos (c. 2950 BC) 84
Stela of Raneb (c. 2750 BC) 85
Inscription of Khakaura Senusret III (c. 1836-1818 BC) 86
24 Writing Plurals 88
Another Inscription of Khakaura Senusret III (c. 1836-1818 BC) 89
Three Inscriptions of Ramesses II (c. 1279-1213 BC) 92
Three Stelae of Thutmose IV (c. 1400-1390 BC) from the Great Sphinx 97
25 Epithets 98
26 The King and the Gods 104
Inscriptions from a Golden Shrine of Tutankhamun (c. 1332-1322 BC) 107
The Oldest Texts and Earliest Hieroglyphs
27 How Did Writing Begin in Egypt? 112
Slate Palette of King Narmer from the Temple of Horus(c.2950 BC) 114
Ivory Comb of King Djet from his Tomb (c. 2950 BC) 118
Ivory Label of King Den from his Tomb (c. 2900 BC) 119
Putting It All Together: Two Inscriptions
Marriage Inscription of Amenhotep III (c. 1390 BC) 122
28 'pw'he is' or 'she is' 127
Offering-Chapel of Sarenput II at Aswan (c. 1850 Bc) 130
Epilogue 135
List of Kings' Names 136
List of Gods 141
List of Hieroglyphic Signs 144
List of Words in Hieroglyphs 154
Sources of Illustrations 159
Index 159