Electrochemical Aspects of Ionic Liquids

by Hiroyuki Ohno (Editor)

Overview

The second edition is based on the original book, which has been revised, updated and expanded in order to cover the latest information on this rapidly growing field. The book begins with a description of general and electrochemical properties of ionic liquids and continues with a discussion of applications in biochemistry, ionic devices, functional design and polymeric ionic liquids.

The new edition includes new chapters on Li ion Batteries and Actuators, as well as a revision of existing chapters to include a discussion on purification and the effects of impurities, adsorption of ionic liquids on interfaces and on the electrochemical double layer, among other topics.

Product Details

ISBN-13:	9780470647813
Publisher:	Wiley
Publication date:	05/03/2011
Edition description:	2nd ed.
Pages:	504
Product dimensions:	6.40(w) x 9.20(h) x 1.30(d)

About the Author

Hiroyuki Ohno, PhD, is a professor and Dean of the Institute of Symbiotic Science and a professor at the Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology. He is renowned for his research and is a pioneer in the realm of ionic liquids and ion-conductive materials. The editor of the Wiley journal Polymers for Advanced Technologies, Professor Ohno has published more than 320 papers in the field of ionic liquids, as well as more than 145 reviews and book chapters.

Read an Excerpt

Electrochemical Aspects of Ionic Liquids

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John Wiley & Sons

Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
All right reserved.
ISBN: 0-471-64851-5

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Chapter One

Importance and Possibility of Ionic Liquids

Hiroyuki Ohno

1.1 IONIC LIQUIDS

Ionic liquids are the salts having very low melting temperature. Ionic liquids have received great interests recently because of their unusual properties as liquids. These unique properties of ionic liquids have already been mentioned in some books, so we do not repeat them here more than simply summarize them in Table 1.1. Note these are entirely different properties from those of ordinary molecular liquids. The most important properties of electrolyte solutions are nonvolatility and high ion conductivity. These are essentially the properties of advanced (and safe) electrolyte solutions that are critical to energy devices put in outdoor use. Safety is more an issue than performance these days, and is taken into account in the trends in the materials developed for practical. Thus more developments in ionic liquids are expected to be seen in the future. The nonvolatile electrolyte solution will change the performance of electronic and ionic devices. These devices will become safer and have longer operational lives. But, more interesting, they will be composed of organic ions, and these organic compounds will have unlimited structural variations because of the easy preparation of many components. Sothere are unlimited possibilities open to the new field of ionic liquids. The most compelling idea is that ionic liquids are "designable" or "fine-tunable." So we can easily expect explosive developments in fields using these remarkable materials.

1.2 IMPORTANCE OF IONIC LIQUIDS

Ionic liquids are salts that melt at ambient temperature. The principles of physical chemistry involved in the great difference between solution properties of molecular solvents and molten salts have already been introduced and summarized in a number of books. Thousands of papers have already been published on their outstanding characteristics and effectiveness for a variety of fields. Thus, as was mentioned above, in this book we take the most important point that these ionic salts are composed of organic ions and explore the unlimited possibility of creating extraordinary materials using molten salts.

Because ionic liquids are composed of only ions, they show very high ionic conductivity, nonvolatility, and nonflammability. The nonflammable liquids with high ionic conductivity are practical materials for use in electrochemistry. At the same time the nonflammability and nonvolatility inherent in ion conductive liquids open new possibilities in other fields as well. Because most energy devices can accidentally explode or ignite, for motor vehicles there is plenty of incentive to seek safe materials. Ionic liquids are being developed for energy devices. It is therefore important to have an understanding of the basic properties of these interesting materials. The ionic liquids are multi-purpose materials, so there should be considerable (and unexpected) applications. In this book we, however, will not venture into too many other areas. Our concern will be to assess the possible uses of ionic liquids in electrochemistry and allied research areas.

1.3 POTENTIAL OF IONIC LIQUIDS

At present most of the interest in ionic liquids is centered on the design of new solvents. While the development of "new solvents" has led the direction of possible applications for ionic liquids, there is more potential for development electrochemical applications.

Electrochemistry basically needs two materials: electro conductive materials and ion conductive materials. Ionic liquids open the possibility of improving ion conductive materials. The aqueous salt solution is one of the best electrolyte solutions for electrochemical studies. However, because water is volatile, it is impossible to use this at wide temperature range or on a very small scale. Many other organic polar solvents have been used instead of water to prepare electrolyte solutions. They, however, have more or less the same drawback, depending on the characteristics. The material known to be a nonvolatile ion conductor is the polymer electrolyte. Polymers do not vaporize but decompose at higher temperatures; the vapor pressure at ambient temperature is zero. Polymer electrolytes are considered a top class of electrolytes except for the one drawback: relatively low ionic conductivity.

Some of the literature has included statements that the ionic liquids are thermally stable and never decompose. This kind of statement has led to a misunderstanding that the ionic liquids are never vaporized and are stable even when on fire. Are the ionic liquids indestructable? The answer is no. However, while inorganic salts are entirely stable, the thermal stability of organic salts depends largely on their structure. Since most recently reported ionic liquids are organic compounds, their degradation begins at the weakest covalent bond. Nevertheless, ionic liquids are stable enough for ordinary use at temperatures of 200º to 300ºC. So it is not difficult to design novel ionic liquids that can be decomposed at certain temperature or by certain trigger. It is also possible to design unique catalysts (or catalytic systems) that can decompose target ionic liquids. Some catalysts such as metal oxides or metal complexes have the potential to become excellent catalysts for the decomposition of certain ionic liquids under mild conditions. The post-treatment technologies of ionic liquids should therefore also be developed along with the work on the design of ionic liquids.

At the present time there has been little progress in this area. Although post-treatment technologies are beyond the scope of this book, we do attempt to give ideas on the various future developments in ionic liquid technologies as well as in electrochemistry. This book is dedicated to introducing, analyzing, and discussing ionic liquids as nonvolatile and highly ion conductive electrolyte solutions. The astute reader will find the future prospects for ionic liquids between the lines in all chapters of this book.

(Continues...)

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Excerpted from Electrochemical Aspects of Ionic Liquids Copyright © 2005 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.. Excerpted by permission.
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Table of Contents

PREFACE TO THE SECOND EDITION.

PREFACE TO THE FIRST EDITION.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS FOR THE SECOND EDITION.

CONTRIBUTORS.

1 Importance and Possibility of Ionic Liquids (Hiroyuki Ohno).

2 Physical Chemistry of Ionic Liquids: Inorganic and Organic as Well as Protic and Aprotic (C. A. Angell, W. Xu, M. Yoshizawa-Fujita, A. Hayashi, J.-P. Belieres, P. Lucas., M. Videa, Z.-F. Zhao, K. Ueno, Y. Ansari, J. Thomson, and D. Gervasio).

PART I BASIC ELECTROCHEMISTRY.

3 General Techniques (Yasushi Katayama).

4 Electrochemical Windows of Room-Temperature Ionic Liquids (RTILs) (Hajime Matsumoto).

5 Diffusion in Ionic Liquids and Correlation with Ionic Transport Behavior (Md. Abu Bin Hasan Susan, Akihiro Noda, and Masayoshi Watanabe).

6 Ionic Conductivity (Hiroyuki Ohno, Masahiro Yoshizawa-Fujita, and Tomonobu Mizumo).

7 Optical Waveguide Spectroscopy (Hiroyuki Ohno and Kyoko Fujita).

8 Electrolytic Reactions (Toshio Fuchigami and Shinsuke Inagi).

9 Electrodeposition of Metals in Ionic Liquids (Yasushi Katayama).

PART II BIOELECTROCHEMISTRY.

10 Enzymatic Reactions (Noritaka Iwai and Tomoya Kitazume).

11 Molecular Self-assembly in Ionic Liquids (Nobuo Kimizuka and Takuya Nakashima).

12 Solubilization of Biomaterials into Ionic Liquids (Kyoko Fujita, Yukinobu Fukaya, and Hiroyuki Ohno).

13 Redox Reaction of Proteins (Kyoko Fujita and Hiroyuki Ohno).

PART III IONIC DEVICES.

14 Li Batteries (Hikari Sakaebe and Hajime Matsumoto).

15 Photoelectrochemical Cells (Hajime Matsumoto).

16 Fuel Cells (Masahiro Yoshizawa-Fujita and Hiroyuki Ohno).

17 Double-Layer Capacitors (Makoto Ue).

18 Actuators (Kinji Asaka).

PART IV FUNCTIONAL DESIGN.

19 Novel Fluoroanion Salts (Rika Hagiwara and Kazuhiko Matsumoto).

20 Neutralized Amines (Hiroyuki Ohno).

21 Zwitterionic Liquids (Masahiro Yoshizawa-Fujita, Asako Narita, and Hiroyuki Ohno).

22 Alkali Metal Ionic Liquids (Wataru Ogihara, Masahiro Yoshizawa-Fujita, and Hiroyuki Ohno).

23 Polyether/Salt Hybrids (Tomonobu Mizumo and Hiroyuki Ohno).

24 Electric Conductivity and Magnetic Ionic Liquids (Gunzi Saito).

PART V IONIC LIQUIDS IN ORDERED STRUCTURES.

25 Ion Conduction in Organic Ionic Plastic Crystals (Maria Forsyth, Jennifer M. Pringle, and Douglas R. MacFarlane).

26 Liquid Crystalline Ionic Liquids (Takashi Kato and Masafumi Yoshio).

PART VI GEL-TYPE POLYMER ELECTROLYTES.

27 Ionic Liquid Gels (Kenji Hanabusa).

28 Zwitterionic Liquid/Polymer Gels (Masahiro Yoshizawa-Fujita and Hiroyuki Ohno).

29 Ionic Liquidized DNA (Naomi Nishimura and Hiroyuki Ohno).

PART VII POLYMERIZED IONIC LIQUIDS.

30 Ion Conductive Polymers (Hiroyuki Ohno and Masahiro Yoshizawa-Fujita).

31 Amphoteric Polymers (Hiroyuki Ohno, Masahiro Yoshizawa-Fujita, and Wataru Ogihara).

32 Polymer Brushes (Masahiro Yoshizawa-Fujita and Hiroyuki Ohno).

PART VIII CONCLUSION.

33 Future Prospects (Hiroyuki Ohno).

APPENDIX: STRUCTURES OF ZWITTERIONS.

INDEX.

What People are Saying About This

From the Publisher

"...this monograph provides much useful information on a wide variety of topics..." (E-STREAMS, August 2006)

"…editor Ohno provides an impressively readable book that, despite a title suggesting a narrow focus, is understandable by and of value to students and scientists well outside the electrochemistry area." (CHOICE, November 2005)

“…provides the latest data for engineers and researchers in relevant industries, as well as academic scientists and graduate students.” (The Chemical Engineer, September 2004)

Editorial Reviews

"...this monograph provides much useful information on a wide variety of topics..." (E-STREAMS, August 2006)

"…editor Ohno provides an impressively readable book that, despite a title suggesting a narrow focus, is understandable by and of value to students and scientists well outside the electrochemistry area." (CHOICE, November 2005)

“…provides the latest data for engineers and researchers in relevant industries, as well as academic scientists and graduate students.” (The Chemical Engineer, September 2004)

From the Publisher