Table of Contents
, Preface, Note to the Reader, Note to the Instructor, Acknowledgments, About the EditorsINTRODUCTIONSimon Blackburn, What Is Philosophy?Simon Blackburn, The Elements of LogicI. RELIGION AND BELIEFIntroductionA. TRADITIONAL ARGUMENTS FOR AND AGAINST THE EXISTENCE OF GODThe Ontological Argument—and RepliesSaint Anselm, The Ontological ArgumentGaunilo, In Behalf of the FoolG.E. Moore, Is Existence a Predicate?William Rowe, Why the Ontological Argument FailsThe Cosmological Argument, the Argument from Design—and RepliesRichard Taylor, The Cosmological ArgumentWilliam Paley, The Argument from DesignErnest Nagel, Does God Exist?The Problem of Evil—and RepliesJohn Hick, The Problem of EvilSteven M. Cahn, The Problem of GoodnessB. GROUNDS FOR BELIEFBlaise Pascal, The WagerW.K. Clifford, The Ethics of BeliefWilliam James, The Will to BelieveRobert McKim, The Hiddenness of GodC. GOD AND SCIENCE: CONTEMPORARY DISCUSSIONSNicholas Everitt, Theism and Modern ScienceII. MORAL AND POLITICAL PHILOSOPHYMORAL PHILOSOPHYIntroductionA. THREE MAJOR ETHICAL THEORIESUtilitarianismJohn Stuart Mill, Selections from UtilitarianismJ.J.C. Smart, Extreme and Restricted UtilitarianismBernard Williams, Utilitarianism, Integrity and ResponsibilityDeontologyImmanuel Kant, Selections from Grounding for the Metaphysics of MoralsOnora O'Neill, A Simplified Account of Kant's EthicsVirtue EthicsAristotle, Selections from the Nicomachean EthicsRosalind Hursthouse, Normative Virtue EthicsB. SOME APPLICATIONSMoral Duties to the PoorPeter Singer, Rich and PoorGarrett Hardin, Lifeboat Ethics: The Case Against Helping the PoorThomas W. Pogge, "Aiding" the Global PoorVegetarianism and AnimalsAlastair Norcross, Puppies, Pigs, and People: Eating Meat and Marginal CasesCarl Cohen, A Critique of the Alleged Moral Basis of VegetarianismC. PUZZLES AND CHALLENGESPuzzling CasesJudith Jarvis Thomson, The Trolley ProblemThomas Nagel, Moral LuckThe Value of MoralityPlato, "Glaucon's Challenge" from The RepublicSusan Wolf, Moral SaintsThe Universality of MoralityJames Rachels, Egoism and Moral SkepticismJames Rachels, The Challenge of Cultural RelativismMorality and Social ScienceJennifer Saul, Women's "Different Voice"Cass R. Sunstein, Morality and HeuristicsPOLITICAL PHILOSOPHYIntroductionD. JUSTICE, EQUALITY, AND THE STATEThomas Hobbes, "Contract and Commonwealth" from LeviathanJohn Rawls, "Justice as Fairness" from A Theory of JusticeRobert Nozick, "Distributive Justice" from Anarchy, State and UtopiaE. JUST WARGeorge I. Mavrodes, Conventions and the Morality of WarRobert K. Fullinwider, War and InnocenceLawrence A. Alexander, Self-Defense and the Killing of Non-Combatants: A Reply to FullinwiderIII. METAPHYSICS AND EPISTEMOLOGYKNOWLEDGE AND REALITYIntroductionA. DEFINING "KNOWLEDGE"Plato, "What is Knowledge?" from The MenoEdmund Gettier, Is Justified True Belief Knowledge?Robert Nozick, "Knowledge" from Philosophical ExplanationsB. SKEPTICISM AND RESPONSESRené Descartes, Meditations 1 and 2G.E. Moore, Proof of an External WorldG.E. Moore, CertaintyRobert Nozick, "Skepticism" from Philosophical ExplanationsJonathan Vogel, Cartesian Skepticism and Inference to the Best ExplanationC. KNOWLEDGE AND THE NATURE OF REALITYPlato, "The Allegory of the Cave" from The RepublicGeorge Berkeley, Selections from Of the Principles of Human KnowledgeW.V.O. Quine, Posits and RealityHilary Putnam, Brains in a VatDavid J. Chalmers, The Matrix as MetaphysicsRobert Nozick, FictionD. INDUCTIONDavid Hume, "Induction" from An Enquiry Concerning Human UnderstandingWesley Salmon, Selections from The Problem of InductionNelson Goodman, The New Riddle of InductionMETAPHYSICAL PERPLEXITIESIntroductionE. TIME AND TIME TRAVELAlbert Einstein, Time and the Relativity of SimultaneityTheodore Sider, TimeDavid Lewis, The Paradoxes of Time TravelF. FREE WILLA.J. Ayer, Freedom and NecessityRoderick M. Chisholm, Human Freedom and the SelfHarry Frankfurt, Freedom of the Will and the Concept of a PersonPeter Strawson, Freedom and ResentmentG. IDENTITY AND PERSONAL IDENTITYJohn Locke, "Of Identity and Diversity" from An Essay Concerning Human UnderstandingBernard Williams, The Self and the FutureDerek Parfit, "Personal Identity" from Reasons and PersonsIV. PHILOSOPHY OF MIND AND LANGUAGEMINDIntroductionA. METAPHYSICS OF MINDDualism and BehaviorismRené Descartes, Sixth MeditationKisor Kumar Chakrabarti, Understanding Nyaya-Vaisesika DualismGilbert Ryle, Descartes' MythPhysicalismDaniel Stoljar, PhysicalismJ.J.C. Smart, Sensations and Brain ProcessesPaul M. Churchland, Eliminative Materialism and the Propositional AttitudesChallenges to PhysicalismSaul Kripke, The Modal ArgumentFrank Jackson, The Knowledge ArgumentB. CONSCIOUSNESS AND PERCEPTIONConsciousnessThomas Nagel, What Is It Like to Be a Bat?Daniel C. Dennett, Quining QualiaNed Block, Concepts of ConsciousnessMinds and MachinesA.M. Turing, Computing Machinery and IntelligenceJohn Searle, Can Computers Think?PerceptionJ.J. Valberg, Reasoning About Our ExperienceA.J. Ayer, The Argument from Illusion: A Defense of Sense DataJ.L. Austin, The Argument from Illusion: A Critique of Sense DataLANGUAGEIntroductionC. LANGUAGE, MEANING, AND REFERENCEH.P. Grice, Logic and ConversationNoam Chomsky, Language and Problems of KnowledgeJohn Perry, The Problem of the Essential IndexicalV. LIFE AND DEATHIntroductionA. LIFEPlato, "On the Harmony of the Soul" from The RepublicJean-Paul Sartre, ExistentialismDerek Parfit, What Makes Someone's Life Go BestThomas Nagel, The AbsurdB. DEATHThomas Nagel, DeathWalter Kaufmann, Death Without Dread, Glossary, Notes, Resources
