Table of Contents
About the Author ix
Introduction 1
Chapter 1 Why Educational Achievement Matters 5
The Increasing Importance of Educational Achievement 5
The Difficulties of Raising Student Achievement 8
Three Generations of School Effectiveness Research 15
The Impact of Teacher Quality 17
Ways to Increase Teacher Quality 22
Conclusion 25
Chapter 2 The Case for Formative Assessment 27
The Importance of Professional Development 27
The Origins of Formative Assessment 35
Definitions of Formative Assessment 39
Strategies of Formative Assessment 51
Assessment: The Bridge Between Teaching and Learning 52
Conclusion 56
Chapter 3 Clarifying, Sharing, and Understanding Learning Intentions and Success Criteria 57
The Importance of Learning Intentions 57
When to Use Learning Intentions 61
Issues in Constructing Learning Intentions and Success Criteria 67
The Case for and Against Rubrics 71
Practical Techniques 74
Conclusion 80
Chapter 4 Eliciting Evidence of Learning 83
Finding Out What Students Know 83
Discovering Where Students' Ideas Come From 85
Practical Techniques 90
Conclusion 122
Chapter 5 Providing Feedback That Moves Learning Forward 123
The Quality of Feedback 123
Feedback as a Recipe for Future Action 139
Practical Techniques 142
Conclusion 152
Chapter 6 Activating Learners as Instructional Resources for One Another 155
Effective Cooperative Learning 156
Practical Techniques 160
Conclusion 166
Chapter 7 Activating Learners as Owners of Their Own Learning 169
Student Self-Assessment 170
Self-Testing 171
Self-Regulated Learning 174
Practical Techniques 180
Conclusion 185
Epilogue 187
Appendix: List of Techniques 191
References and Resources 195
Index 219