Table of Contents
List of Focus Boxes xi
Preface xiii
Chapter 1 A Changing Planet 1
1.1 Earth's Beginnings 1
1.2 Early Primitive Life 2
1.3 Evolution of Earth's Atmosphere 4
1.4 Aerobic Life 5
1.5 Earth's Changing Climate 7
1.6 Earth's Energy Endowment 9
1.7 The Human Era 14
Chapter Review 17
Chapter 2 High-Energy Society 20
2.1 Energy and Power 20
2.2 Your Energy Servants 22
2.3 Your Energy Servants' Jobs 25
2.4 Who Are Your Servants? 27
2.5 What Energy Servants Buy Us 28
2.6 Policy Issue: Measuring Quality of Life 30
Chapter Review 31
Chapter 3 Energy: A Closer Look 34
3.1 Forms of Energy 35
3.2 Electrical Energy: A Closer Look 37
3.3 Quantifying Energy 43
3.4 Energy and Work 50
3.5 Work and Kinetic Energy 53
3.6 The Role of Friction 54
3.7 The Art of Estimation 54
3.8 Wrapping Up 56
Chapter Review 57
Chapter 4 Energy and Heat 61
4.1 Heat and Thermal Energy 61
4.2 Temperature 62
4.3 Heat Transfer 63
4.4 Heat Capacity and Specific Heat 75
4.5 State Changes and Latent Heat 76
4.6 Energy Quality 77
4.7 Entropy, Heat Engines, and the Second Law of Thermodynamics 80
4.8 Energy Quality, End Use, and Cogeneration 84
4.9 Refrigerators and Heat Pumps 87
4.10 Energy Overview 88
Chapter Review 88
Chapter 5 Fossil Energy 93
5.1 The Origin of Fossil Fuels 93
5.2 The Fossil Fuels 96
5.3 Energy from Fossil Fuels 99
5.4 Fossil Energy Technologies 100
5.5 Fossil Fuel Resources 111
5.6 Will We Run Out? 117
5.7 Policy Issue: A Price on Carbon? 122
Chapter Review 124
Chapter 6 Environmental Impacts of Fossil Fuels 128
6.1 What's Pollution? 128
6.2 Air Pollution 130
6.3 Other Environmental Impacts of Fossil Fuels 144
6.4 Policy Issue: The Clean Air Act 151
Chapter Review 154
Chapter 7 Nuclear Energy 158
7.1 The Atomic Nucleus 160
7.2 Radioactivity 163
7.3 Energy from the Nucleus 167
7.4 Nuclear Fission 169
7.5 Nuclear Reactors 174
7.6 The Nuclear Fuel Cycle and Uranium Reserves 180
7.7 Environmental and Health Impacts of Nuclear Energy 186
7.8 Policy Issue: A Nuclear Renaissance? 194
7.9 Nuclear Fusion 195
Chapter Review 201
Chapter 8 Energy from Earth and Moon 205
8.1 The Geothermal Resource 205
8.2 Geothermal Energy Technology 209
8.3 Environmental Impacts of Geothermal Energy 214
8.4 Geothermal Heat Pumps 215
8.5 Tidal and Ocean Energy 220
Chapter Review 224
Chapter 9 Direct From the Sun: Solar Energy 227
9.1 The Solar Resource 227
9.2 Photovoltaic Solar Energy 233
9.3 Solar Heating 240
9.4 Solar Thermal Power Systems 247
9.5 Other Solar Applications 251
9.6 Environmental Impacts of Solar Energy 252
9.7 Policy Issue: Expanding Solar Energy 253
Chapter Review 256
Chapter 10 Indirect from the Sun: Water, Wind, Biomass 260
10.1 Hydropower 260
10.2 Wind 268
10.3 Biomass 276
10.4 Other Indirect Solar Energy Sources 287
Chapter Review 289
Chapter 11 Energy Carriers: Electricity and Hydrogen 292
11.1 Electricity 293
11.2 Toward a Hydrogen Economy? 308
11.3 Electric Cars 315
Chapter Review 319
Chapter 12 The Science of Climate 323
12.1 Keeping a House Warm 323
12.2 Keeping a Planet Warm 324
12.3 In the Greenhouse 327
12.4 Earth's Energy Balance 334
12.5 A Tale of Three Planets 338
Chapter Review 341
Chapter 13 Forcing the Climate 344
13.1 Climate Forcing 344
13.2 Climate Sensitivity 346
13.3 Feedback Effects 348
13.4 Natural and Anthropogenic Forcings 350
13.5 Carbon: A Closer Look 360
Chapter Review 364
Chapter 14 Is Earth Warming? 368
14.1 Taking Earth's Temperature 368
14.2 Other Changes in Climate 378
14.3 Are We to Blame? 383
Chapter Review
Chapter 15 Future Climates 389
15.1 Modeling Climate 389
15.2 Climate Projections 396
15.3 Consequences of Global Climate Change 400
15.4 Climate Change and Society 408
Chapter Review 410
Chapter 16 Energy and Climate: Breaking the Link 414
16.1 Carbon Emissions: Where We're Going and Where We Need to Be 415
16.2 Geoengineering 419
16.3 Carbon Capture and Storage 422
16.4 Nonfossil Energy Sources 425
16.5 Using Less Energy 427
16.6 Strategies for a Sustainable Future 436
Chapter Review 442
Appendix App-1
Glossary G-1
Suggested Readings SR-1
Answers to Odd-Numbered Questions and Exercises ANS-1
Credits and Data Sources CDS-1
Index I-1
