Table of Contents
Preface XIII
Acknowledgments XVII
Literary Forms 1
Drama 1
Comedy 3
High and low comedy 3
Farce 3
Romantic comedy 4
Comedy of manners 4
Stock characters 4
Tragedy 4
Classical tragedy 4
Senecan tragedy 4
Revenge tragedy 4
Domestic tragedy 5
Tragicomedy 5
Theater of the Absurd 6
Periods of Drama 7
Ancient Greek 7
Roman 7
English medieval 7
Morality plays 7
Mystery plays 7
Elizabethan and Jacobean 7
Restoration and Eighteenth Century 7
Modern 7
Fiction 8
Novel 8
Novel of incident 9
Novel of character 9
Realistic novel 9
Romance 9
Bildungsroman 10
Historical novel 10
Epistolary novel 10
Anrinovel 10
Metafiction 10
Short Story 11
Novella 12
Poetry 13
Verse 13
Epic Poetry 13
Dramatic Poetry 14
Lyric Poetry 14
Specialized Forms 15
Dramatic Monologue 15
Exercise: Dramatic Monologue 16
Epigram 19
Aphorism 20
Exercise: Epigram 20
Satire 21
Direct (formal) satire 21
Indirect satire 22
Horatian satire 22
Juvenalian satire 22
Exercise: Satire 24
Figurative Language 32
Figures of Thought (Tropes) 32
Simile 32
Metaphor 33
Tenor 33
Vehicle 33
Mixed metaphor 34
Extended metaphor 35
Subtext 36
Exercises: Similes and Metaphors 36
Personification 39
Allegory 39
Pathetic fallacy 40
Synecdoche 41
Metonymy 41
Exercise: Personification, Pathetic Fallacy, Synecdoche, and Metonymy 42
Irony 44
Verbal irony 44
Sarcasm 44
Structural irony 45
Unreliable narrator 45
Dramatic irony 46
Tragic irony 46
Cosmic irony 46
Exercises: Irony 47
Tropes Dependent on Contrasting Levels of Meaning 54
Hyperbole 54
Understatement 55
Paradox 56
Oxymoron 57
Litotes 57
Periphrasis 58
Pun 59
Equivoque 60
Exercise: Tropes Dependent on Contrasting Levels of Meaning 60
Figures of Speech (Schemes) 62
Apostrophe 62
Invocation 63
Rhetorical Question 63
Anaphora 64
Antithesis 64
Chiasmus 65
Exercise: Figures of Speech (Schemes) 66
Rhetorical Strategies 68
Diction 68
Formal vs. colloquial language 68
Abstract vs. concrete language 70
Poetic diction 72
Allusion 74
Analogy 76
Exercises: Allusion, Analogy, and Diction 78
Imagery 83
Symbolism 86
Atmosphere 89
Exercises: Imagery, Symbolism, and Atmosphere 92
Repetition 98
Selection and Order of Details 99
Epiphany 102
Exercises: Repetition, Selection and Order of Details, and Epiphany 104
Narration 112
Voice 112
Narrator 112
Point of View 113
First-Person 113
Third-Person 114
Third-person omniscient 114
Intrusive narrator 115
Objective narrator 116
Narrator in drama 117
Third-person limited 118
Stream of consciousness 118
Second-person 120
Exercise: Point of View 122
Characterization 125
Flat Characters vs. Round Characters 126
Showing vs. Telling 127
Exercises: Characterization 127
Roles in the Plot 129
Protagonist 129
Hero, heroine 129
Antagonist 130
Villain 130
Foil 131
Exercises: Roles 132
Dialogue 132
Verisimilitude 137
Speech headings 137
Stage directions 137
Direct and indirect discourse 139
Repartee 140
Soliloquy 141
Aside 143
Exercise: Dialogue 144
Setting 150
Exercises: Setting 152
Theme 154
Tone 156
Pathos 161
Exercises: Theme and Tone 162
Structure 167
In Medias Res 167
Exposition 168
Flashback 168
Narrative Pace 170
Parenthetical Observation 172
Subplot 174
Shift in Style 176
Exercises: Structure 178
Syntax 184
Independent clause 184
Dependent clause 184
Subject 184
Simple subject 184
Complete subject 184
Predicate 184
Simple predicate 184
Complete predicate 184
Direct object 184
Indirect object 185
Appositive 185
Sentence Fragments 185
Kinds of Sentences 186
Simple sentence 186
Compound sentence 186
Coordinating conjunction 186
Complex sentence 186
Subordinate clause 186
Means of Linkage 186
Coordination 186
Subordination 187
Parallelism 188
Syntactical Order 189
Loose sentence (cumulative sentence) 189
Periodic sentence 190
Inversion 190
Sentence Variety 191
Exercises: Syntax 194
Prosody 198
Meter 198
Quantitative meter 198
Syllabic meter 198
Stress 198
Accentual meter 198
Accentual-syllabic meter 198
Foot 199
Metrical Feet 199
Iamb 199
Anapest 200
Trochee 200
Dactyl 200
Number of Feet in a Line 200
Mowometer 200
Dimeter 200
Trimeter 201
Tetrameter 201
Pentameter 201
Hexameter 201
Heptameter 201
Naming the Meter 201
Iambic pentameter 201
Trochaic trimeter 202
Dactylic tetrameter 202
Common Substitutions 202
Spondee 202
Catalexis 203
Masculine and feminine endings 203
Pauses within and between Lines of Verse 204
End-stopped lines 204
Enjambed lines 204
Caesura 205
Scansion 205
Exercises: Meter 207
Rhyme 210
End Rhyme 211
Double rhyme 211
Triple rhyme 211
Masculine rhyme 211
Feminine rhyme 211
Internal Rhyme 211
Rhyme Scheme 212
Perfect and Imperfect Rhyme 213
Eye rhyme 213
Half-rhyme (off-rhyme, slant rhyme, imperfect rhyme) 213
Exercise: Rhyme 215
Sound and Sound Patterns 217
Alliteration 217
Internal alliteration 218
Consonance 219
Assonance 220
Onomatopoeia 221
Exercises: Sound and Sound Patterns 223
Poetic Forms 226
Stanzas 226
Couplet 226
Heroic couplet 226
Closed couplet 226
Open couplet 227
Tercet (Triplet) 228
Terza rima 228
Quatrain 229
In Memoriam stanza 229
Ballad meter (common meter) 229
Refrain 230
Sonnet 231
Italian (Petrarchan) 231
English (Shakespearean) 231
Volta (turn) 231
Sonnet sequence 233
Curtal sonnet 234
Blank Verse 234
In poetry 234
In drama 236
Free Verse (Open Form Verse) 239
Exercises: Poetic Forms 242
MLA Style 247
MLA In-Text Documentation 249
Notes 254
MLA List of Works Cited 254
Sample Research Paper, MLA Style 268
Permissions Acknowledgments 275
Index of Terms 277
