Table of Contents
Lead-In xi
Part I Nursing Research 1
Chapter 1 The Research-Practice Connection 7
Research to Practice 7
Clinical Care Protocols 8
Evidence 9
Evidence-Based Practice 10
Short History of Evidence-Based Nursing Practice 12
Your Path to Evidence-Based Practice 14
References 15
Chapter 2 Research Evidence 17
Building Knowledge for Practice 18
Findings from an Original Study 19
Conclusions of a Systematic Review 22
Recommendations of an Evidence-Based Clinical Practice Guideline 23
Going Forward 25
References 26
Chapter 3 Reading Research Articles 27
Starting Point 28
Format of Study Reports 29
Reading Approach 37
Wading In 37
References 38
Chapter 4 Qualitative Research 39
Research Traditions 40
Qualitative Description 43
Uniqueness of Qualitative Studies 46
Exemplar 47
Profile & Commentary 48
References 51
Chapter 5 Quantitative Descriptive Research 53
Methods 53
Study Variables 55
Good Data 58
Extraneous Variables 62
Target Population and Sampling 64
Surveys 70
Results 71
Exemplar 73
Profile & Commentary 74
References 81
Chapter 6 Correlational Research 83
Defining Relationship 83
Measuring a Relationship 84
Correlational Design 94
Profile & Commentary 99
References 103
Chapter 7 Experimental Research 105
Chapter Map 105
Section 1 Experimental Methods 106
Key Features of Experimental Studies 106
Measurement of the Outcome Variables 119
Limitations of Randomized Experiments 119
Quasi-Experimental Designs 120
Exemplar 121
Profile & Commentary: Why and How 133
Section 2 Study Results 137
More Effective? 137
Outcome Reported as a Mean 137
Attainment of an Outcome 145
Both Perspectives 147
Opinion Regarding Reporting of Outcomes 149
Exemplar 150
Profile & Commentary: Results 150
References 151
Chapter 8 Cohort Research 153
Design 153
Data Analysis and Results 155
Confounding 155
Other Limitations 155
Case-Control Studies 156
Wrap-Up 157
Exemplar 158
Profile & Commentary 166
References 173
Chapter 9 Systematic Reviews 175
Types of Systematic Reviews 175
Close and Distant Relatives of SRwNS 177
The SR Production Process 178
Use of SRwNS 186
Umbrella SRs 188
Exemplar 188
Profile & Commentary 206
References 208
Chapter 10 Evidence-Based Clinical Practice Guidelines 211
Forerunners to Care Protocols 212
EbCPG Production 214
Guideline Formats 222
Comorbidity 223
Guideline Producers 223
Profile & Commentary 239
References 241
Part II Evidence-Based Practice 243
Chapter 11 Asking Clinical Questions 249
Triggers 249
Questions Not Answerable by Research Evidence 251
Forming a Useful Project Question 253
References 257
Chapter 12 Searching for Research Evidence 259
Health Science Databases 260
Nonprofit International Organizations 262
Professional Specialty Organizations 263
Wrap-Up 264
Chapter 13 Appraising Research Evidence 265
Appraisal Systems 266
Appraisal in General 267
Practical Considerations 272
Already Appraised Evidence 273
Resources 274
Chapter 14 Appraising Recommendations of Clinical Practice Guidelines 275
Synopsis 276
Credibility 276
Clinical Significance 278
Applicability 279
Appraisal Guide Format 280
Your Turn 280
References 281
Chapter 15 Appraising Conclusions of Systematic Reviews with Narrative Synthesis 283
Synopsis 284
Credibility 284
Clinical Significance 286
Applicability 286
Your Turn 286
References 287
Chapter 16 Appraising Findings of Original Studies 289
Is This a Qualitative or Quantitative Study? 289
Broad Credibility Issues 290
Appraisal of the Findings of a Qualitative Study 292
Appraisal of the Findings of a Quantitative Study 293
Your Turn 297
Across-Studies Analysis 297
Wrap-Up 300
References 300
Chapter 17 Evidence-Based Practice Strategies 303
Research-Practice Lag 303
Embedding Evidence-Based Practice in Quality Improvement 305
Translating Evidence into Practice 307
Evaluate the Impact 312
Information Technology 313
Present and Future 315
Recap 315
References 316
Chapter 18 Evidence-Based Practice Participation 319
Capstone Project 319
Contribute to a Patient Care Conference 320
Join a Project Team 322
Make a Poster 323
Present an Idea or Concern 324
Build Your EBP Knowledge and Skills 325
Reference 326
Chapter 19 Point-of-Care Adaptations 327
Individualized Care Story 327
Point-of-Care Evidence-Based Practice Story 329
From Mobile Devices 330
The Information Intersection 333
My Ending-Your Beginning 334
References 335
Appendix A Appraisal Guide; Recommendations of a Clinical Practice Guideline 337
Appendix B Completed Appraisal; Recommendations of a Clinical Practice Guideline 341
Appendix C Appraisal Guide; Conclusions of a Systematic Review with Narrative Synthesis 347
Appendix D Completed Appraisal of a Systematic Review with Narrative Synthesis 351
Appendix E Appraisal Guide: Findings of a Qualitative Study 357
Appendix F Appraisal Guide: Findings of a Quantitative Study 361
Appendix G Completed Appraisal of the Findings of a Quantitative Study 365
Appendix H Completed Findings Table 369
Glossary 373
Index 385
