Table of Contents
Contributors xix
Reviewers xxi
Preface xxiii
Acknowledgments xxix
Unit 1 Introduction to Evidence-Based Practice 1
Chapter 1 What Is Evidence-Based Practice? Nola A. Schmidt Janet M. Brown 3
1.1 EBP What is It? 3
1.2 What Is Nursing Research? 13
1.3 How Has Nursing Evolved as a Science? 21
1.4 What lies Ahead? 29
1.5 Keeping It Ethical 32
Chapter 2 Using Evidence Through Collaboration to Promote Excellence in Nursing Practice Emily Griffin Marita G. Titler 43
2.1 The Five Levels of Collaboration 43
2.2 Keeping It Ethical 55
Unit 2 Acquisition of Knowledge 69
Chapter 3 Identifying Research Questions Susie Adams 71
3.1 How Clinical Problems Guide Research Questions 71
3.2 Developing Hypotheses 80
3.3 formulating EBP Questions 87
3.4 Keeping It Ethical 89
Chapter 4 Finding Sources of Evidence Patricia Mileham 95
4.1 Purpose of Finding Evidence 95
4.2 Types of Evidence 98
4.3 How Sources Are Organized 105
4.4 How to Search for Evidence 112
4.5 Keeping It Ethical 123
Chapter 5 Linking Theory, Research, and Practice Elsabeth Jensen 133
5.1 How Are Theory. Research, and Practice Related? 133
5.2 Keeping It Ethical 144
Unit 3 Persuasion 151
Chapter 6 Key Principles of Quantitative Designs Rosalind M. Peters 153
6.1 Chart the Course: Selecting the Best Design 153
6.2 What Is validity? 159
6.3 Categorizing Designs According to Time 166
6.4 Keeping It Ethical 171
Chapter 7 Quantitative Designs: Using Numbers to Provide Evidence Rosalind M. Peters 175
7.1 Experimental Designs 175
7.2 Quasi-Experimental Designs 181
7.3 Nonexperimental Designs 185
7.4 Specific Uses for Quantitative Designs 190
7.5 Keeping It Ethical 192
Chapter 8 Epidemiologic Designs: Using Data to Understand Populations Amy C. Cory 199
8.1 Epidemiology and Nursing 199
8.2 Infectious Diseases and Outbreak Investigations 201
8.3 Measures of Disease frequency 203
8.4 Descriptive Epidemiology 206
8.5 Descriptive Study Designs 211
8.6 Analytic Study Designs 215
8.7 Screening 220
8.8 Evaluating Health Outcomes and Services 222
8.9 Keeping It Ethical 223
Chapter 9 Qualitative Designs: Using Words to Provide Evidence Kristen L. Mauk 229
9.1 What Is Qualitative Research? 229
9.2 The four Major Types of Qualitative Research 239
9.3 Keeping It Ethical 253
Chapter 10 Collecting Evidence Ian Dougherty 263
10.1 Data Collection: Planning and Piloting 263
10.2 Collecting Quantitative Data 265
10.3 Validity and Reliability 274
10.4 Collecting Qualitative Data 282
10.5 Keeping It Ethical 288
Chapter 11 Using Samples to Provide Evidence Ann H. White 295
11.1 Fundamentals of Sampling 295
11.2 Sampling Methods 299
11.3 Sample Size: Does It Matter? 309
11.4 Keeping It Ethical 312
Chapter 12 Other Sources of Evidence Cynthia L. Russell 321
12.1 The Pyramid of Evidence: The 5 Ss 321
12.2 Using the Pyramid for Evidence-Based Practice 332
12.3 Keeping It Ethical 336
Unit 4 Decision 341
Chapter 13 What Do the Quantitative Data Mean? Rosalind M. Peters Nola A. Schmidt Moira Fearncombe 343
13.1 Using Statistics to Describe the Sample 343
13.2 Using Frequencies to Describe Samples 345
13.3 Measures of Central Tendency 349
13.4 Distribution Patterns 353
13.5 Measures of Variability 356
13.6 Inferential Statistics: Can the Findings Be Applied to the Population? 364
13.7 Reducing Error When Deciding About Hypotheses 367
13.8 Using Statistical Tests to Make Inferences About Populations 373
13.9 What Does All This Mean for EBP? 382
13.10 Keeping It Ethical 385
Chapter 14 What Do the Qualitative Data Mean? Kristen L. Mauk 391
14.1 Qualitative Data Analysis 391
14.2 Qualitative Data Interpretation 398
14.3 Qualitative Data Evaluation 404
14.4 Keeping It Ethical 409
Chapter 15 Weighing in on the Evidence Carol O. Long 417
15.1 Deciding What to Do 417
15.2 Appraising the Evidence 419
15.3 Clinical Practice Guidelines: Moving Ratings and Recommendations into Practice 428
15.4 Keeping It Ethical 432
Unit 5 Implementation 437
Chapter 16 Transitioning Evidence to Practice Maria Young 439
16.1 Evidence-Based Practice Models to Overcome Barriers 439
16.2 Creating Change 449
16.3 Keeping It Ethical 458
Chapter 17 Developing Oneself as an Innovator Diane McNally Forsyth 463
17.1 Who Is an Innovator? 463
17.2 Developing Oneself 468
17.3 Professionalism 476
17.4 Keeping It Ethical 478
Unit 6 Confirmation 485
Chapter 18 Evaluating Outcomes of Innovations Kathleen A. Rich 487
18.1 What Is an Outcome? 487
18.2 Choosing Outcomes 490
18.3 Evaluating the Outcomes 497
18.4 Keeping It Ethical 499
Chapter 19 Sharing the Insights with Others Janet M. Brown Nola A. Schmidt 505
19.1 Dissemination: What Is My Role? 505
19.2 The 3 Ps of Dissemination 507
19.3 Using Technology to Disseminate Knowledge 521
19.4 Making the Most of Conferences 522
19.5 Keeping It Ethical 525
Glossary 530
Index 549
