Table of Contents
A (Very) Short Preface and Request xxi
Acknowledgments xxiii
Chapter 1 Introduction 1
A Sources 1
B An Overview-The Importance of Discretion 6
Chapter 2 Early Decisions About the Newly Arrested Defendant 9
A The Probable Cause Hearing and the Initial Appearance 9
B Bail 11
1 The Mechanics of Bail 11
a Bail Before the 1960s 11
b Bail Reform in the 1960s and Later 12
c Determining Bail 13
d Determining the Conditions of Release 14
2 The Procedures of Bail 15
3 Preventive Detention-Security of the Community as a Criterion of Bail 17
a The "Capital" Exception to Bail 17
b Non-Capital Felonies 17
c Preventive Detention-Locking the Barn While the Horse Is Still There 18
C Pre-Trial Diversion 22
Examples/Explanations 22
Chapter 3 Charging Decisions 29
A Introduction 29
B The Decision to Prosecute 30
1 The Public Prosecutor 30
2 The Basic Decision-Whether to Charge 32
3 Deciding Not to Prosecute 35
a The Victim Without a Remedy 35
b Agreeing Not to Prosecute-Waiver of Civil Claims 38
4 WHAT to Charge 38
C Attacking the Decision to Prosecute-The Defendant Without an Immediate Remedy 41
1 Generally 41
2 "Selective Enforcement" 41
a Discriminatory Impact 43
b Discriminatory Intent 44
c Prosecutorial "Defenses" to Selective Enforcement 45
3 Vindictive Prosecution 46
D Deciding Not to Decide-Pre-Charge or Pre-Trial Options 47
Examples/Explanations 48
Chapter 4 The Grand Jury: Gathering Information and Overseeing the Prosecutor's Charging 55
A Introduction 55
B The Grand Jury as an Investigative Body 57
1 Subpoena Power 57
2 Secrecy of Grand Jury Proceedings 58
3 Conferring Immunity 59
a Judicially Authorized Immunity 59
b "Pocket" Immunity 60
4 "Runaway" Investigative Grand Juries 61
5 Evidence in the Grand Jury 61
a Rules of Evidence 61
b Exculpatory Evidence 62
6 Inapplicability of the Sixth Amendment 63
C The Grand Jury as a Screening Device 64
1 Presentments 64
2 Indictments 65
D Reform? or Abolish? 68
Examples /Explanations 70
Chapter 5 Alternatives to the Grand Jury: Informations and Preliminary Hearings 77
A "Information" 77
B Preliminary Hearing 78
Examples/Explanations 80
Chapter 6 Evidence Disclosure (Discovery) 83
Overview 84
A "Brady" Evidence-The Constitutional Minimum 84
1 Defining "Materiality" 87
2 Aggregating the Nondisclosed Evidence 88
3 Did the "Government" Suppress the Evidence? 89
4 Did the Government "Suppress" the Evidence? 91
B Non Constitutional Rules of Discovery 92
1 Defendant's Statements 95
2 Information About Witnesses 96
a Names and Addresses 96
b Statements by Witnesses 96
c Evidence to Impeach Witnesses 97
3 Police Reports 97
4 Expert Reports and Witnesses 98
5 Information About the Police 98
6 The Work Product Exception 99
C Timing of Discovery 99
1 Pre-Trial 99
2 Post-Trial 102
D Non-Brady Discovery: A Recap 103
E Alternative Means of Discovery 105
F Discovery in the Real World 106
1 Frequency of Violations of Discovery Rules 106
a The Data 106
b Reasons for Nondisclosure 108
2 Broadening Discovery Beyond the Rules 110
G Discovery from the Defense 110
H Preservation of Evidence 111
I Sanctions 114
Examples/Explanations 115
Chapter 7 Pleas of Guilt and Bargained Pleas 129
A The Concept of "Pleading Guilty" 129
B The Prerequisites of a Valid Guilty Plea 130
1 Voluntary 131
2 Intelligent 132
3 Knowing 133
a Knowing the Charge-Factual Basis 133
b Knowing the Impact-"Direct" and "Collateral" Consequences 134
4 The "Conditional" Plea 138
C Withdrawing a Guilty Plea 138
Examples/Explanations 141
D Plea Bargaining-Bane or Salvation? 143
1 An Overview 143
2 Types of Bargains 147
3 Inducements-Or Threats? 147
4 Judicial Participation 148
5 Waiving Rights 150
6 Accepting and Enforcing the Bargain 152
7 The Contract Analogy 154
8 Assessing Plea Bargaining 155
Examples/Explanations 160
Chapter 8 The Jury 167
A Overview 168
1 Jury-Size and Unanimity 168
2 Jury Nullification 170
B Selecting a Jury 171
1 Determining the "District" 172
2 Determining the "Pool" 172
3 Constructing the Wheel 173
4 Composing the Wheel 174
a The Cross-Section Requirement 174
b What Is the "Community"? 174
c Defining "Cognizable Groups" 174
d Equal Protection versus the Sixth Amendment 176
e Measuring Disproportionate Representation 177
f State Response to a Prima Facie Case of Discrimination 177
5 The Venire-From Potential Service to Juror 178
a Voir Dire-Establishing Information for Challenges 178
b Voir Dire and Juror Privacy 180
c Challenges for Cause 181
i Pre-Trial Publicity as a Ground for Cause 183
d Peremptory Challenges 183
i Step One-The Prima Facie Case 186
ii Step Two-The Neutral Explanation 186
iii Step Three-Assessing the Claim 187
iv Step Four-Remedy 189
e Abolish Peremptories? 190
6 A Quick Summary 191
Examples/Explanations 192
C The Passive Jury-And Jury Reform 197
D The Jury -Alternate Jurors 198
E Impeaching Jury Verdicts 199
1 Hearing the Evidence 200
a The "External" versus "Internal" Dichotomy 200
b Inside versus Outside the Jury 201
2 Prejudice to the Defendant 202
Examples/Explanations 203
Chapter 9 Double Jeopardy 205
A The General Issue 205
1 The Purpose of Double Jeopardy 205
2 When Does Jeopardy Begin? 207
3 When Is a Defendant "Acquitted"? 208
4 Double Jeopardy and Sentencing 211
B The "Same Offense" Doctrine 211
1 "Punishment" for "Offenses" 211
2 The "Same Offense"-An Overview 212
3 The "Same Elements" Test-Blockburger v. United States 212
4 The "Same Conduct" and the "Same Evidence" Tests 214
C "Multiplicity" 215
1 Collateral Estoppel (Issue Preclusion) 216
D Multiple Punishments 217
E Joinder and Severance-The "Kissing Cousins" of Double Jeopardy 219
Examples/Explanations 222
F Hung Juries, Mistrials, and Manifest Necessity 230
1 Mistrials 230
a Hung Juries 230
b Trial Errors 231
G Successful Appeals: Double Jeopardy and Vindictiveness 235
H The Dual Sovereignty Doctrine 236
Examples/Explanations 242
Chapter 10 Speedy Trial 247
A Introduction 247
1 Pre-Indictment Delay 248
2 Post-Indictment Delay 249
a What Constitutes "Speedy"? 249
b The Barker Test 250
i The Length of the Delay 250
ii The Reasons for the Delay 251
iii The Defendants Assertion of His Right 252
iv The Prejudice to the Defendant 252
3 Delay in Sentencing 253
Examples/Explanations 253
Chapter 11 Assistance of Counsel 257
A The Right to Counsel 257
B The Right to Counsel 258
1 The Right to Counsel-To What Does It Apply? 259
a What Is a "Criminal Prosecution"? 259
b What Constitutes Part of a "Criminal Prosecution"? 259
C The Right to Appointed Counsel 263
1 Gideon and Argersinger 263
2 The Right to Appointed Counsel-Systems of Providing Counsel 264
D The Right to Effective Counsel 269
1 The "Three Prongs" of Ineffectiveness 270
a State Interference 270
b Conflict of Interest 271
i Waiving Conflict 275
c Effectiveness of Representation-Strickland v. Washington 276
i The Standard of Performance 276
ii Demonstrating Prejudice 284
2 Is Death Different? 285
3 The Right to Effective Assistance-Expert Witnesses 289
4 Raising the Right to Effective Counsel 290
5 The Right to Effective Assistance-Limits 291
6 Frivolous Appeals 291
E Defendant Autonomy 292
1 Self-Representation 292
2 The Larger Question 296
Examples/Explanations 298
Chapter 12 Sentencing 309
A The Importance of Sentencing Law-An Introduction 309
1 "Multiple Discretions" 309
2 Types of Punishments 310
3 Indeterminate and Determinate Sentencing Structures 311
a Indeterminate Systems 311
b Determinate Systems 312
B Theories of Punishment and Sentencing 313
1 Utilitarian Theories of Punishment 313
2 Retribution as a Theory of Punishment 314
3 Proportionality 314
4 Rehabilitation 315
C A Short History of Sentencing in the United States 315
D Procedures at Sentencing 318
1 Rules of Evidence 318
2 Confidentiality of Information 319
3 Burden of Proof 320
4 Non-Jury Proceedings 320
5 Nonreview of Sentences 320
E A Revolution in Sentencing-Structured Sentencing 321
1 First Caveat 321
2 The Move Away from Individualized Sentences 322
a Mandatory Minimum Sentences 323
b The Disappearance of Parole Release 324
c Presumptive Sentences 325
3 State Sentencing Commissions 325
a Guideline Systems 325
i The "Commission" 326
ii "Presumptive" Sentencing 326
iii Offense-Based Sentencing; Criminal Record 327
iv Institutional Resources 329
v Appellate Review 329
4 Second Caveat 330
5 Federal Sentencing Commission 330
a Guidelines 330
i The Commission 331
ii The Basis of the Grid 331
iii Real Offense Sentencing 332
iv Past Criminal Conduct 333
v Departures 333
vi How It Really Worked 336
6 Structured Sentencing-An Assessment 337
F Undoing the Revolution? Or Refraining It? Blakely, Booker, and the Future of Sentencing (Structured and Unstructured) in the United States 339
1 Third Caveat-And an Apology 339
2 Blakely and Booker-Undoing the Federal Guidelines 340
3 Blakely (and Booker) in the States 343
4 Final Thoughts 345
G Sentencing and Death 347
Examples/Explanations 350
Chapter 13 Appeals and Collateral Attack 359
A A General Overview of Review 359
1 Why Allow Review at All? 360
2 What Is the "Scope of Review"? 361
3 What Remedy? Retroactivity and Finality; Herein of Legal Realism and Other Relevant Irrelevancies 361
B Appeals 364
1 Plain Error-The "Contemporaneous Objection" Rule 364
2 "Harmless" Error 366
a Non-Constitutional Mistakes 366
b Constitutional Errors 367
Examples/Explanations 370
C Collateral Attack 373
1 State Collateral Review 373
2 Federal Habeas Corpus 377
a A (Very) Short History of the "Great Writ" of Habeas Corpus 377
i Generally 377
ii Federal Habeas and the States-Federalism versus Fairness 378
b Federal Habeas Corpus-Common Law and AEDPA 380
i Timeliness 380
ii Exhaustion of Remedies 382
iii Procedural Default 384
(a) Overcoming Procedural Default-Cause 384
(b) Overcoming Procedural Default-Prejudice 387
(c) The Merits of the Claim 388
(i) Pure Legal Issues 388
a) Pre-AEDPA 388
b) AEDPA 388
(ii) "Issues of Fact" or "Mixed Questions of Fact and Law" 391
iv A Short Assessment 394
v Federal Habeas Corpus-Successive Petitions 394
3 Original Supreme Court Jurisdiction 396
4 Actual Innocence 396
a Innocence Commissions 397
b Actual Innocence in the Courts 397
Examples/Explanations 404
Chapter 14 Non-Criminal Remedies for Unacceptable Lawyering 411
A Defining-And Understanding - "Misconduct" 412
1 Abuse of the Grand Jury 413
2 Investigative Issues 413
3 Plea Bargaining Tactics 414
4 Discovery Violations 414
5 Trial Problems 415
6 Post Conviction (In) Action 416
B Alternative Remedies 416
1 Internal Supervision 416
2 Oversight by Attorneys 417
3 Oversight by Courts 418
4 Appellate Oversight-Naming Names 419
5 Disciplinary Sanctions 420
6 Whose Ethics? The McDade Amendment 422
7 "Show Me The Money" - Fines and Attorneys' Fees as Sanctions; Raises for Good Lawyering 422
8 Lawsuits, Damages, and Civil Liability 423
9 Prosecutor Review Boards 426
C An Exemplar-The Duke Lacrosse Case 426
1 The Example 428
D Explanations 431
1 Non-Disclosure Questions 431
a The DNA "Non-Matches" 431
i Constitutional Questions 431
ii Statutory Issues 432
iii Ethics Violations 433
b The Photographic Lineups 433
c The Victim's Statements 433
d Nifong's Press Conferences 433
e Nifong's Statements to the Court 434
2 Civil Liability 434
3 Overview of the Explanations 435
4 The "Result" 435
Chapter 15 Victim's Rights 437
A Introduction 437
B The Victim Before Trial 439
C The Victim at Trial 439
D The Victim After Trial 440
Examples/Explanations 442
Table of Cases 445
Index 461
