Flow Visualization: Techniques And Examples (Second Edition) / Edition 2

by Alexander J Smits, Tee Tai Lim

Overview

This is the 2nd edition of the book, Flow Visualization: Techniques and Examples, which was published by Imperial College Press in 2000. Many of the chapters have been revised and updated to take into consideration recent changes in a number of flow visualization and measurement techniques, including an updated high quality flow gallery. Unique among similar publications, this book focuses on the practical rather than theoretical aspects. Obtaining high quality flow visualization results is, in many ways, more of an art than a science, and experience plays a key deciding role. The depth and breadth of the material will make this book invaluable to readers of all levels of experience in the field.

Product Details

ISBN-13:	9781848167919
Publisher:	Imperial College Press
Publication date:	09/18/2012
Edition description:	2nd Edition
Pages:	444
Product dimensions:	6.70(w) x 9.80(h) x 1.00(d)

Table of Contents

Preface to the First Edition xiii

Preface to the Second Edition xiv

1 Interpretation of Flow Visualization 1

1.1 Introduction 1

1.2 Critical Points in Flow Patterns 1

1.3 Relationship between Streamlines, Pathlines, and Streaklines 9

1.4 Sectional Streamlines 15

1.5 Bifurcation Lines 16

1.6 Interpretation of Unsteady Flow Patterns with the Aid of Streaklines and Streamlines 18

1.7 Concluding Remarks 23

1.8 References 24

2 Hydrogen Bubble Visualization 27

2.1 Introduction 27

2.2 The Hydrogen Bubble Generation System 29

2.2.1 Safety 32

2.3 Bubble Probes 33

2.4 Lighting 37

2.5 Unique Applications 38

2.6 References 44

3 Dye and Smoke Visualization 47

3.1 Introduction 47

3.2 Flow Visualization in Water 48

3.2.1 Conventional dye 48

3.2.2 Laundry brightener 49

3.2.3 Milk 49

3.2.4 Fluorescent dye 49

3.2.5 Methods of dye injection 50

3.2.6 Rheoscopic fluid 52

3.2.7 Electrolytic precipitation 53

3.3 Flow Visualization in Air 57

3.3.1 Smoke tunnel 57

3.3.2 Smoke generator 57

3.3.3 Smoke-wire technique 59

3.3.4 Titanium tetrachloride 62

3.4 Photographic Equipment and Techniques 63

3.4.1 Lighting 63

3.4.2 Camera 66

3.4.3 Lens 70

3.4.4 Film 72

3.5 Cautionary Notes 73

3.6 References 76

4 Molecular Tagging Velocimetry And thermometry 79

4.1 Introduction 79

4.2 Properties of Photo-Sensitive Tracers 80

4.2.1 Photochromic dyes 80

4.2.2 Phosphorescent supramolecules 80

4.2.3 Caged dyes 83

4.3 Examples of Molecular Tagging Measurements 86

4.3.1 Phosphorescent supramolecules 87

4.3.2 Caged dye tracers 89

4.4 Image Processing and Experimental Accuracy 93

4.4.1 Line processing techniques 93

4.4.2 Grid processing techniques 96

4.4.3 Ray tracing 97

4.4.4 Molecular tagging thermometry 98

4.5 References 103

5 Planar Imaging of Gas Phase Flows 107

5.1 Introduction 107

5.2 Planar Laser-Induced Fluorescence 109

5.2.1 Velocity tracking by laser-induced fluorescence 116

5.3 Rayleigh Imaging from Molecules and Particles 120

5.4 Filtered Rayleigh Scattering 124

5.5 Planar Doppler Velocimetry 132

5.6 Summary 137

5.7 References 137

6 Digital Particle Image Velocimetry 143

6.1 Quantitative Flow Visualization 143

6.2 DPIV Experimental Setup 144

6.3 Particle Image Velocimetry: A Visual Presentation 145

6.4 Image Correlation 146

6.4.1 Peak finding 149

6.4.2 Computational implementation in frequency space 150

6.5 Video Imaging 150

6.6 Post Processing 152

6.6.1 Outlier removal 152

6.6.2 Differentiable flow properties 153

6.6.3 Integrable flow properties 155

6.7 Sources of Error 155

6.7.1 Uncertainty due to particle image density 156

6.7.2 Uncertainty due to velocity gradients within the interrogation windows 156

6.7.3 Uncertainty due to different particle size imaging 157

6.7.4 Effects of using different sizes of interrogation windows 157

6.7.5 Mean-bias error removal 158

6.8 DPIV Applications 161

6.8.1 Investigation of vortex ring formation 161

6.8.2 A novel application for force prediction DPIV 161

6.8.3 DPIV and a CFD counterpart: Common ground 161

6.9 Conclusion 163

6.10 References 165

7 Surface Temperature Sensing With Thermochromic Liquid Crystals 167

7.1 Introduction 167

7.1.1 Properties of liquid crystals 168

7.1.2 Temperature calibration techniques 170

7.1.3 Convective heat transfer coefficient measurement techniques 170

7.2 Implementation 173

7.2.1 Sensing sheet preparation 175

7.2.2 Test surface illumination 176

7.2.3 Image capture and reduction 178

7.2.4 Calibration and measurement uncertainty 179

7.3 Examples 182

7.3.1 Turbine cascade 182

7.3.2 Turbulent spot and boundary layer 183

7.3.3 Turbulent juncture flow 184

7.3.4 Particle image thermography 185

7.4 References 186

8 Pressure and Shear Sensitive Coatings 191

8.1 Introduction 191

8.2 Pressure-Sensitive Paint 192

8.2.1 Obtaining and applying pressure-sensitive paint 195

8.2.2 Lamps 197

8.2.3 Cameras 198

8.2.4 Data reduction 200

8.3 Shear-Sensitive Liquid Crystal Coating Method 202

8.3.1 Color-change responses to shear 203

8.3.2 Coating application 205

8.3.3 Lighting and imaging 206

8.3.4 Data acquisition and analysis 207

8.3.5 Example: Visualization of transition and separation 209

8.3.6 Example: Application of shear vector method 212

8.4 Fringe Imaging Skin Friction Interferometry 214

8.4.1 Physical principles 214

8.4.2 Surface preparation 215

8.4.3 Lighting 216

8.4.4 Imaging 218

8.4.5 Calibration 219

8.4.6 Data reduction 219

8.4.7 Uncertainty 221

8.4.8 Examples 222

8.5 References 224

9 Methods for Compressible Flows 227

9.1 Introduction 227

9.2 Basic Optical Concepts 228

9.3 Index of Refraction for a Gas 231

9.4 Light Ray Deflection and Retardation in a Refractive Field 233

9.5 Shadowgraph 235

9.6 Schlieren Method 241

9.7 Interferometry 244

9.8 Interference 245

9.9 Mach-Zehnder Interferometer 248

9.10 Holography 252

9.11 Holographic Interferometry 254

9.12 Applications 258

9.13 Summary 262

9.14 References 264

10 Three-Dimensional Imaging 267

10.1 Introduction 267

10.2 Three-Dimensional Imaging Techniques 267

10.3 Image Data Types 271

10.4 Laser Scanner Designs 272

10.5 Discrete Laser Sheet Systems 273

10.6 Double Scan Laser Sweep Systems 274

10.7 Single Scan Laser Sweep Systems (Discrete) 278

10.8 Drum Scanners 280

10.9 Multiple Fixed Laser Sheets 282

10.10 Moving Laser Sheet Systems 284

10.11 Imaging Issues and Trade-Offs 285

10.11.1 Position accuracy of laser sheets 285

10.11.2 Illumination issues 286

10.11.3 Sweeps versus sheets for CW lasers 287

10.11.4 Optical components 288

10.11.5 Methods of control 289

10.11.6 Operational considerations 290

10.11.7 Imaging devices 294

10.12 Detailed Example 295

10.12.1 Control system design 298

10.13 Analysis and Display of Data 300

10.13.1 Processing and analysis of data 300

10.13.2 Methods of presentation and display 302

10.14 Concluding remarks 305

10.15 References 305

11 Quantitative Flow Visualization Via Fully Resolved Four-Dimensional Imaging 311

11.1 Introduction 311

11.2 Technical Considerations 313

11.2.1 Laser induced fluorescence 313

11.2.2 Beam scanning electronics 313

11.2.3 Data acquisition system 316

11.2.4 Signal levels 317

11.2.5 Signal-to-noise ratio 322

11.2.6 Spatial and temporal resolution 324

11.2.7 Data processing 328

11.3 Sample Applications 330

11.3.1 Fine structure of turbulent scalar fields 330

11.3.2 Assessment of Taylor's hypothesis 332

11.3.3 Scalar imaging velocimetry 333

11.3.4 Fractal scaling of turbulent scalar fields 333

11.4 Further Information 335

11.5 References 337

12 Visualization, Feature Extraction, and Quantification of Numerical Visualizations of High-Gradient Compressible Flows 339

12.1 Introduction 339

12.1.1 Fundamental configuration 340

12.2 Visualization Techniques 343

12.2.1 Numerical analog of experimental techniques 343

12.2.2 Smoothing and noise suppression 346

12.2.3 Selection of variables for visualization 348

12.3 Quantification of Shocks and Contacts 350

12.3.1 One-dimensional example 350

12.3.2 Algorithm 350

12.3.3 Two-dimensional example 355

12.3.4 Contact tracking and convergence of simulations 357

12.3.5 Quantification of local shock properties 360

12.4 Conclusion 361

12.5 Appendix A: Pseudo-code to Extract the Discontinuity Curves 362

12.6 References 365

Color Plates and Flow Gallery 367

Index 423