Table of Contents
List of Contributors xi
1 Food Security: Starvation in the Midst of Plenty Andrew Schmitz P. Lynn Kennedy 1
1 Introduction 2
2 Model I - income effect 3
3 Model II - research and development 4
4 Model III: R&D and population growth 5
5 Model IV: calories and protein 6
6 Optimizing nutrient intake 7
7 Summary, conclusions, and future considerations 10
References 12
2 Trade And Food Security: Links, Processes, and Prospects Ekaterina Krivonos Jamie Morrison Eleonora Canigiani 15
1 Introduction 16
2 The changing landscape of agricultural markets 16
3 Trade and food security: conceptual linkages 18
4 Trade policy from the national perspective 21
4.1 Food price spikes and policy reactions 22
4.2 The changing patterns of domestic support 23
5 Trade and food security in global processes 25
5.1 Food security in international trade negotiations 25
5.2 Connecting trade and food security in global processes 27
6 Conclusions 29
References 29
3 Macroeconomic Policies and Food Security Eugenio Díaz-Bonilla 31
1 Introduction 31
2 Historical background 32
3 Macroeconomic policies and food security 35
3.1 Availability and related issues 36
3.2 Access, stability, and related issues 39
3.3 Exchange rate policies 40
3.4 Monetary policies 42
3.5 Government and fiscal issues affecting all components of food and nutrition security 43
3.6 Utilization and related issues 44
4 Conclusions 44
References 45
4 Food Security Measurement: An Empirical Approach David Magaña-Lemus Jorge Lara-Álvarez 49
1 Introduction: food security concept 50
2 Food security measurement classifications 51
3 The macro approach 51
4 The micro approach 53
5 Modeling food security 57
6 Conclusions 59
References 60
5 Food Security Issues: Concepts and the Role of Emerging Markets Shida Rastegari Henneberry Claudia Diaz Carrusco 63
1 Introduction 63
2 The definitions of global food security 64
3 The four dimensions of global food security 65
3.1 Dimension 1: availability 67
3.2 Dimension 2: access 68
3.3 Dimension 3: utilization 70
3.4 Dimension 4: stability 72
4 The global food crisis and its impact on global food security 73
5 Future challenges for achieving global food security 74
6 The role of emerging countries in global food security 74
7 Conclusions 75
Acknowledgments 76
References 76
6 An Income-Based Food Security Indicator for Agricultural Technology Impact Assessment John Antle Roshan Adhikari Stephanie Price 81
1 Introduction 82
2 Farm household food security indicators and agricultural technology 82
3 An IBFS 84
4 An application of the IBFS 86
4.1 The TOA-MD model 86
4.2 Adoption analysis 89
4.3 Impacts on food security 92
5 Conclusions 93
Acknowledgments 94
References 94
7 Dual Nature and the Human Face of Food (In)Security Dragon Miljkovic 97
1 Introduction 98
2 Demand for food security 99
2.1 A model of quality of life 100
2.2 Implications for measuring quality of life 101
3 Food security supply: the deservingness heuristic 103
4 Deservingness in the modern welfare state 104
5 Reconciling quality of life and deservingness heuristics 106
References 107
8 Innovations in Enternational Food Assistance Strategies and Therapeutic Food Supply Chains Lisa F. Clark Jill E. Hobby 111
1 Introduction 112
2 The international food assistance regime 113
2.1 Structure, goals, and objectives 113
2.2 Ready-to-use therapeutic and supplementary foods 116
3 Policy instruments for food assistance 117
3.1 LRP strategies 117
3.2 Public Private Partnerships 120
4 Further questions and considerations 122
Acknowledgments 124
References 124
9 Managing High and Volatile Food Prices in Developing Countries Since 2000 Maros Ivanic Will Martin 129
1 Introduction 130
2 The behavior of real rice prices 131
3 Policy responses 132
4 Effective food price changes on poverty 134
5 Short-run effects 135
6 Long-run effects 137
7 Poverty reduction 139
8 Conclusions 140
References 141
10 Food Security and Anti-Piracy Strategies: The Economics of Protecting World Food Program Shipments William A. Kerr 145
1 Introduction 146
2 Food security 146
3 The world food program in Somalia 149
4 The economics of anti-piracy - lessons of history 150
5 Art exit strategy for anti-piracy activities 153
6 Protecting WFP shipments from Somali pirates 155
7 Conclusion 157
References 158
11 World Population, Food Growth, and Food Security Challenges William H. Meyers Nicholas Kalaitzandonakes 161
1 Introduction 162
2 Population growth dynamics and projections to 2050 165
3 Potential income and demand growth 167
4 Supply projections for cereals from different sources 169
5 Commodity and food price projections 173
6 Conclusions and implications 175
References 176
12 Genetic Engineering and Food Security: A Welfare Economics Perspective Prithviraj Lakkakula Dwayne J. Haynes Troy G. Schmitz 179
1 Introduction 180
2 GM crop regulation, politics, and consumer perception 183
2.1 Misconception 1: GM foods are unsafe 184
2.2 Misconception 2: GM animal feed alters the DNA of livestock 184
2.3 Misconception 3: Mandatory GMO labeling will not impact food prices 184
2.4 Misconception 4: GM crops harm the environment 184
2.5 Misconception 5: GMOs are not a good solution for food security 185
3 Producer and consumer impacts of GM rice: An ex-ante analysis 185
4 Conclusions 190
References 191
13 Who Will Feed the Growing Population in the Developing Nations? Implications of Bioenergy Production Won W. Koo Richard Taylor 195
1 Introduction 195
2 Development of a Global Food Security Simulation Model 199
3 Mathematical presentation of the model 201
3.1 Specification of the demand for calories 201
3.2 Specification for the calorie supply 202
4 Econometric estimation of the demand for and supply of calories 202
5 Simulation model 204
6 The base and alternative models 204
7 Simulation results 205
8 Conclusions and policy implications 207
References 208
14 Food Security and Conflict Donna Mitchell Darren Hudson Riley Post Patrick Bell Ryan B. Williams 211
1 Introduction 212
2 Pathways to and from food security to conflict 213
3 Intervening factors in the pathways 215
4 Policy and food production 216
5 Pathways to conflict 217
5.1 Grievance 218
5.2 Opportunity costs 219
5.3 Risk mitigation 220
6 Conclusions 222
References 222
15 Major Trends in Diets and Nutrition: A Global Perspective to 2050 Siwa Msangi Miroslav Batka 227
1 Introduction 228
2 Drivers of change in food systems 229
3 Socioeconomic factors 230
4 Policy factors in shaping food futures 232
5 How diets shape food futures 233
6 Baseline results from the IMPACT model 233
7 Global nutrition trends and the Bottom Billion 235
8 Defining the Bottom Billion for nutrition 236
9 Baseline trends for macronutrients 237
10 Conclusions 239
References 239
16 Dietary Change and Global Drivers of Change: How Can We Improve the Nutritional Status of the Bottom Billion? Siwa Msangi Miroslav Batka 243
1 Introduction 244
2 Modeling diet change 244
3 Impacts of alternative diet changes on consumption 246
4 Strategies to improve the nutritional status of the Bottom Billion 248
5 Impacts on the nutritional status of the Bottom Billion 249
6 Implications for food security-focused policy for the Bottom Billion 251
7 Implications for policy processes 252
8 Conclusions 253
References 253
17 Regional and National Rice Development Strategies for Food Security in West Africa Eric J. Wailes Alvaro Durand-Morat Mandiaye Diagne 255
1 Introduction 256
2 Food and nutritional vulnerability in West Africa 258
3 Alternative approaches to food security for rice in West Africa 259
4 Assessment of the NRDS of West Africa 262
5 Results 263
6 Conclusions 265
References 265
Acknowledgments 269
