Functional Metal Oxide Nanostructures / Edition 1

Table of Contents

Preface

1. New Opportunities on Phase Transitions of Correlated Electron Nanostructures
1.1. Introduction
1.2. Electrical and Structural Transitions in VO₂
1.3. Experimental Methods
1.4. Results and Discussions
1.4.1. Phase Inhomogeneity and Domain Organization
1.4.2. Domain Dynamics and Manipulation
1.4.3. Investigation of Phase Transition at the Single Domain Level
1.4.4. Superelasticity in Phase Transition
1.4.5. New Phase Stabilization with Strain
1.4.6. Thermoelectric Across the Metal-Insulator Domain Walls
1.5. Conclusions

2. Controlling the Conductivity in Oxide Semiconductors
2.1. Introduction
2.2. Formalism and Computational Approach
2.3. Results and Discussion
2.3.1. ZnO
2.3.2. SnO₂
2.3.3. TiO₂
2.4. Concluding Remarks

3. The Role of Defects in Functional Oxide Nanostructures
3.1. Introduction
3.2. Defects in Metal Oxide Nanostructures
3.2.1. Defect Structures in Metal Oxide Nanostructures3.2.2. Imaging Defects in Metal Oxide Nanostructures
3.2.3. Stability of Intrinsic Point Defects in Metal Oxide Nanostructures
3.3. Electrical Response
3.3.1. Point Defects and Charge Carriers
3.3.2. Defects and P-Type Conductivity
3.3.3. Defects and Conduction Mechanisms
3.3.4. Plasmon Response in Defect-Rich Oxide Nanostructures
3.4. Optical Response
3.4.1. Photoluminescence from Point Defects in Oxide Nanostructures
3.4.2. Raman Studies on Oxide Nanostructures
3.4.3. Magneto-Optical Properties of Oxide Nanostructures
3.5. Magnetic Response
3.5.1. Magnetism in Metal Oxide Nanoparticles
3.5.2. Ferromagnetism in Defect-Rich Semiconducting Metal Oxides
3.5.3. Spin Polarization in Defect-Rich Metal Oxide Nanostructures
3.5.4. Mechanisms for Magnetism in Metal Oxide Nanostructures
3.6. Defect Engineering in Metal Oxide Nanostructures
3.7. Conclusions

4. Emergent Metal-Insulator Transitions Associated with Electronic Inhomogeneities in Low-Dimensional Complex Oxides
4.1. Introduction
4.2. Experimental Approach
4.2.1. Fabrication of Spatially Confined Oxide Nanostructures
4.2.2. Cryogenic Four-Probe STM
4.3. Results and Discussion4.3.1. Percolative Mott Transition in Sr₃(Ru_1-xMn_x)₂O₇
4.3.2. Confinement Effects and Tunable Emergent Behavior in La_5/8-xPr_xCa_3/8MnO₃
4.4. Conclusion

5. Optical Properties of Nanoscale Transition Metal Oxides
5.1. Physical, Chemical and Size-Shape Tunability in Transition Metal Oxides
5.2. Optical Spectroscopy as a Probe of Complex Oxides
5.3. Quantitative Models
5.3.1. Confinement Models
5.3.2. Descriptions of Inhomogeneous Media
5.3.3. Inhomogeneous Media and Surface Plasmons
5.3.4. Charge and Bonding Models
5.4. Charge-Structure-Function Relationships in Model Nanoscale Materials
5.4.1. Mott Transition in VO₂ Revealed by Infrared Spectroscopy
5.4.2. Visualizing Charge and Orbitally Ordered Domains in La_1/2Sr_3/2MnO₄
5.4.3. Discovery of Bound Carrier Excitation in Metal Exchanged Vanadium Oxide Nanoscrolls and Size Dependence of the Equatorial Stretching Modes
5.4.4. Classic Test Cases: Quantum Size Effects in ZnO and TiO₂
5.4.5. Optical Properties of Polar Oxide Thin Films and Nanoparticles
5.4.6. Spectroscopic Determination of H₂ Binding Sites and Energies in Metal-Organic Framework Materials
5.5. Summary and Outlook

6. Electronic Properties of Post-Transition Metal Oxide Semiconductor Surfaces
6.1. Introduction
6.2. Surface Space-Charge Properties
6.2.1. ZnO
6.2.2. Ga₂O₃
6.2.3. CdO
6.2.4. In₂O₃
6.2.5. SnO₂
6.3. Bulk Band Structure Origin of Electron Accumulation Propensity
6.4. Conclusion

7. In Search of a Truly Two-Dimensional Metallic Oxide
7.1. Introduction
7.2. Methodology
7.3. Results and Discussion

8. Solution Phase Approach to TiO₂ Nanostructures8.1. Introduction
8.2. Approaches
8.2.1. Porous Architectures Through Templated Self Assembly
8.2.2. 1-D Structures from Anodization
8.2.3. Imprinting and Molding
8.2.4. Templated Electrochemical Sythesis
8.2.5. Single Crystalline 1-D Structures by Solution Phase Hydrothermal Growth
8.3. Conclusion

9. Oxide-Based Photonic Crystals from Biological Templates
9.1. Introduction
9.2. Engineered Photonic Crystals
9.2.1. Characteristics of Photonic Band Structure Materials
9.2.2. Photonic Crystals Operating in the Infrared
9.2.3. Photonic Crystals Operating at Visible Frequencies
9.3. Natural Photonic Crystals
9.3.1. Structural Colors in Biology
9.3.2. Structure Evaluation Methods
9.3.3. Examples of Biological Photonic Structures
9.4. Bio-Templated Photonic Crystals
9.4.1. General Considerations
9.4.2. Biotemplating Techniques
9.4.2.1. Deposition and Evaporation Methods
9.4.2.2. Sol-Gel Chemistry Methods
9.4.3. Biotemplated Bandgap Crystals
9.5. Conclusions

10. Low-Dimensionality and Epitaxial Stabilization in Metal Supported Oxide Nanostructures: Mn_xO_y on Pd(100)
10.1. Introduction
10.2. Growth of Mn_xO_y­ Layers on Pd(100)
10.2.1. Low Coverage Regime
10.2.1.1. MnO(111)-like Phases (Oxygen-Rich Regime)
10.2.1.2. MnO(100)-like Phases (Intermediate Oxygen Regime)
10.2.1.3. The Reduced Phases (Oxygen-Poor Regime)
10.2.2. High Coverage Regime
10.2.2.1. Formation of Mn₃O₄ on MnO(001)
10.2.2.2. Epitaxial Stabilization of MnO(111) Overlayers

11.One Dimensional Oxygen-Deficient Metal Oxides
11.1. Introduction11.2. Oxygen-Deficient 1D-Nano-Ceo_2-x and its Applications in the WGS Reaction
11.2.1. Crystal Structure of Cubic-Ceria
11.2.2. Backround of the WGS Reaction
11.2.3. Synthesis of 1D-Ceria
11.2.4. Testing 1D-Ceria for the WGS Reaction
11.3. Sub-Stoichiometric Magnéli Phases 1D-Ti_nO_2n-1
11.4. Sub-Stoichiometric Chromium Oxide Nanobelts with Modulation Structures
11.5. Summaries

12. Oxide Nanostructures for Energy Storage
12.1. Introduction
12.2. Nano Oxides for Li-Ion Batteries
12.2.1. Spinel LiMn₂O₄
12.2.2. Manganese Dioxide
12.2.3. Vanadium Pentoxide (V₂O₅)
12.2.4. Titanium Oxide
12.2.5. Metal Oxides with Displacement Mechanism
12.2.6. Nano-Oxide Coatings
12.3. Nano Oxide for Electrochemical Capacitors
12.3.1. Ruthenium Oxide (RuO₂)
12.3.2. Manganese Oxide (MnO₂)
12.3.3. Other Metal Oxides
12.3.4. Hierarchical Metal Oxide-Carbon Composites
12.4. Summary

13. Metal Oxide Resistive Switching Memory
13.1. Introduction
13.1.1. Device Operation
13.1.2. Device Characteristics
13.2. Possible Physical Mechanism for Resistive Switching
13.2.1. Conduction Mechanism
13.2.2. Electroforming/Set/Reset Process with Oxygen Migration
13.2.3. The Effect of Electrode Materials on Switching Modes
13.2.4. Summary of the Physical Mechanism for Resistive Switching in Metal Oxide Memory
13.3. Performances of Metal Oxide Memory Devices
13.4. Cell Structure of Metal Oxide Memory Arrays
13.5. Summary

14. Nano Metal Oxides for Li-Ion Batteries
14.1. Classification of Electrode Materials for Li-Ion Batteries
14.2. Advantage & Disadvantage of Nano-Electrode Materials
14.3. Nano Metal Oxide Anode Materials
14.3.1. Intercalation Metal Oxides
14.3.2. Conversion Metal Oxide Materials
14.3.3. Displacement Metal Oxide Materials
14.3.3.1. Tin Dioxides Based Anode Materials
14.4. Nano Metal Oxide Cathode Materials
14.4.1. Nanoscale Cathode Materials
14.4.2. Nanostructured Cathode Materials
14.5. Nano Metal Oxides in Electrolyte
14.6. Conclusion and Outlook