Table of Contents
Preface viii
Abbreviations xvi
Chapter 1 How Was the Book of Kings First Composed? 1
1.1 Introduction 1
1.2 The Standard Critical View 2
1.3 Early Critiques of the Standard View 9
1.4 Recent Studies on the Framework of Kings 17
1.5 Recent Objections to a Hezekian Framework 34
1.6 In Search of the Original Framework 37
1.7 Defining Deuteronomism 38
1.8 Objectives 41
1.9 Outline of the Present Study 44
Chapter 2 The Framework of Kings as a Chronographic Genre 46
2.1 Introduction 46
2.2 Theoretical Underpinnings 46
2.3 Methodological Considersations 51
Chapter 3 The Basic Framework of Kings 62
3.1 Introduction 62
3.2 Accession Notice and Regnal Year Total 63
3.3 The Synchronistic Structure 69
3.3.1 Comparative Evidence 71
3.3.2 Are the Synchronisms Deuteronomistic? 76
3.4 The Naming of the Queen Mother 78
3.5 The Source Citations 84
3.5.1 The Temporal Gap between Source and History 89
3.5.2 Reliability and Function 93
3.5.3 Formulaic Considerations 97
3.6 The Death and Burial Notices 102
3.6.1 Comparative Evidence 103
3.6.1 Semantics 107
3.6.2 As Evidence for the HH 109
3.7 Conclusions 122
Chapter 4 The Regnal Evaluations 124
4.1 Introduction 124
4.2 yšr-/rc-Formula 124
4.3 Comparative Evidence 127
4.3.1 Mesopotamian Chronographic Texts 127
4.3.2 Literary Predictive Texts 132
4.3.2.1 Text A 132
4.3.2.2 Text B 133
4.3.2.3 Šulgi Prophecy (Text C) 134
4.3.2.4 Marduk Prophecy (Text D) 135
4.3.2.5 Uruk Prophecy 136
4.3.2.6 Dynastic Prophecy 137
4.3.3 Royal Inscriptions 140
4.3.3.1 Mesopotamian Inscriptions 140
4.3.3.2 Levantine Inscriptions 142
4.4 Royal Predecessor Formula 147
4.4.1 Positive Examples 148
4.4.2 Negative Examples 149
4.4.3 The Comparative "&cgpD;&cgpP;&cgpI;-CLAUSE 153
4.4.4 "Walking in/Turning from the Way" 158
4.4.5 &cgpA;&cgpD;&cgpA&cgpL;; &cgpH;&cgpI; &cgpX;&cgpL;&cgpM; &cgpB;&cgpA; "He Vexed YHWH" 161
4.4.6 Comparative Evidence 163
4 5 Relationship of the Synchronisms and the Evaluations 168
4.6 Are The Evaluations Deuteronomistic? 173
4.7 Conclusions 177
Chapter 5 The Cultic Reports 178
5.1 Introduction 178
5.2 The Bamôt 179
5.3 Josiah's Account and the Bamôt-Notices 187
5.4 Sacrificing and Burning Incense 190
5.5 Golden Calves at Bethel and Dan 194
5.6 Additional Cultic Motifs in the Framework 197
5.6.1 Qades/qe dešim 197
5.6.2 Divination 198
5.6.3 Pillars and 'Aserim 199
5.6.4 Baal 200
5.6.5 Baal and Asherah/Astarte 201
5.7 Minor Objects/Deities 203
5.8 Comparative Evidence 203
5.9 Conclusions 206
Chapter 6 Solomon's Account and the Beginning of the Hezekian History 208
6.1 Introducton 208
6.2 The Literary Relationship of Samuel and Kings 209
6.2.1 Early Considerations 209
6.2.2 Noth's View of Samuel and Kings 214
6.2.3 Reactions to Noth 215
6.2.4 Recent Considerations 218
6.2.5 Samuel and Kings in Studies on a Hezekian History 222
6.2.6 Provisional Results 224
6.2.6.1 Option 1: The Framework Author was the Redactor of Samuel 225
6.2.6.2 Option 2: Framework Written in Continuation of Samuel 226
6.2.6.3 Option 3: Framework Composed Separately from Samuel 227
6.3 Textual Argumentation 228
6.3.1 The Notice on Saul's Reign at 1 Samuel 13:1 229
6.3.2 The Notices on Ish-boshet and David at 2 Samuel 2:10-11 and 5:4-5 232
6.3.3 David's Epilogue and Solomon's Succession Notice at 1 Kings 2:10-12 236
6.3.4 LXX 3 Reigns 2:35 (// MT 1 Kgs 2:46b) as the Beginning of the HH Framework? 243
6.3.5 The Beginning of the HH-Framework: LXX 3 Reigns 2:461-3:2 (Later Insertions: 1 Kings 3:1 and 3:3) 247
6.4 The Beginning of the HH in Relationship to 1 Kings 3:1-9:9, 24-25 255
6.4.1 1 Kings 3:1 and 9:24-25 255
6.4.2 The Theophany at Gibeon [HH-edition: 1 Kings 3:5-6a,7-9, *11, 12aβ, 13, *15] 258
6.4.3 The HH-Gibeon Story and the Construction of the Temple in 1 Kings 5:14-9:9 261
6.5 Conclusions 264
Chapter 7 The Story of the Division of the Kingdom 266
7.1 Introduction 266
7.2 Summary of Research 267
7.3 Translation of 3 Reigns 12:24a-z 276
7.4 Textual Argumentation 280
7.4.1 The Regnal Formulae for Solomon and Rehoboam (3 Reg 12:24a // MT 1 Kgs 11:43; 14:21) 280
7.4.1.1 Rehoboam's Age at Accession and Regnal Year Total 283
7.4.1.2 The Name of Rehoboam's Mother 284
7.4.1.3 The Evaluative Formulae for Rehoboam 286
7.4.1.3.1 The Negative Evaluation 286
7.4.1.3.2 The Contrast with David 289
7.4.2 The Rise of Jeroboam (3 Reg 12:24b-f // MT 1 Kgs 11:26-28 40; 12:2-3) 292
7.4.2.1 The Description of Jeroboam (3 Reg 12:24b) 292
7.4.2.2 Jeroboam's Rebellion, Flight, and Return (3 Reg 12:24b-f) 294
7.4.2.3 The Integration of the Story of Jeroboam in Rehoboam's Account 301
7.4.3 The Story of Jeroboam's Sick Son (LXX 3 Reg 12:24g-nα // MT 1 Kgs 14:1-18) 305
7.4.3.1 The Report of Oracular Inquiry in 3 Reg 12:24g-nα 306
7.4.3.2 The Curse of Non-burial in 3 Reg 12:24m 309
7.4.4 The Assembly at Shecbem in the HH (3 Reg 12:24nα 311
7.4.4.1 The Role of Jeroboam versus the Role of the People 311
7.4.4.2 The Prophecy Announcing Jeroboam's Rule over the Ten Tribes 312
7.4.5 The Prevention of War between Rehoboam and Jeroboam (LXX 3 Reg 12:24x-z // MT 1 Kgs 12:21-24) 315
7.5 Conclusions 317
Chapter 8 The Evaluation of Hezekiah's Account (2 Kings 18:1-2) 319
8.1 Introduction 319
8.2 Hezekiah as David (2 Kgs 18:3) 319
8.3 Hezekiah's Cultic Reform (2 Kgs 18:4) 320
8.3.1 Is 2 Kgs 18:4 an Archival Notice or a Late Insertio 320
8.3.2 The Notice on the Bronze Serpent (2 Kgs 18:4b 322
8.3.3 *Excursus on Waw + Suffix Conjugation with Perfective Aspect ([-we]qatal)* 327
8.3.4 Second Kings 18:4 as Part of a Deuteronomistic Framework 332
8.3.5 Second Kings 18:4 as the Final Cultic Report of the Hezekian History 341
8.4 Hezekiah's "Trust," Incomparability, and Success in War (2 Kgs 18:5*, 7-8) 343
8.5 The Fall of Samaria in 2 Kgs 18:10-11 350
8.6 Conclusions 352
Chapter 9 The Story of the Deliverance of Jerusalem in 2 Kings 18:13-19:37 353
9.1 Introduction 353
9.2 Source Division 353
9.3 On the Reliability of the B1 Narrative 359
9.4 The Hezekiah Stories in the Context of 1-2 Kings 374
9.5 The B1 Narrative in the Hezekian History 379
9.6 The Contrast of Samaria and Jerusalem in LXXL 4 Reigns 18:34 381
9.7 The Reference to Cultic Centralization in the B1 Narrative (2 Kgs 18:22) 384
9.8 The Relevance of the Date of the B1 Narrative 390
9.9 Conclusions 391
Chapter 10 The Hezekian History in Its Historical Context 394
10.1 Introduction 394
10.2 The Historicity of Hezekiah's Reform 394
10.3 Indications from Hosea and Isaiah 395
10.4 The Relationship of the HH to the Covenant Code 397
10.5 Archaeological Evidence 398
10.5.1 Arad 398
10.5.2 Beersheba 399
10.5.3 Lachish 400
10.6 men did the Reform Occur? 401
10.7 Historical Grounds for Hezekiah's Reform 404
10.8 Historical Parallels 408
10.9 Conclusions 410
Chapter 11 Final Conclusions 411
11.1 Summary of Major Results 411
11.2 Hezekiah and Josiah 414
11.3 The HH and Deuteronomy-2 Samuel 415
11.4 A Josianic Edition of 1-2 Kings 417
Appendix: The Hezekian History 419
Bibliography 437
Source Index 469
Author Index 503
Subject Index 506
