Hydraulics of Groundwater

by Jacob Bear

Overview

This text explores the laws and equations that govern the flow and storage of groundwater in aquifers. It provides groundwater hydrologists, as well as engineers and planners who deal with the development and management of groundwater resources, with all the necessary tools to forecast the behavior of a regional aquifer system.
Following an introduction to the role and management of groundwater in water resource systems, the text examines groundwater balance and motion, mathematical statements of the groundwater forecasting problem, flow in the unsaturated zone, and groundwater quality problems. Additional topics include hydraulics of pumping and recharging wells, fresh and salt water interface in coastal aquifers, modeling of aquifer systems, identification of aquifer parameters, and the use of linear programming in aquifer management. Helpful appendixes and a set of problems corresponding to selected chapters conclude the text.

Product Details

ISBN-13:	9780486453552
Publisher:	Dover Publications
Publication date:	01/15/2007
Series:	Dover Books on Engineering Series
Pages:	592
Sales rank:	896,877
Product dimensions:	6.14(w) x 9.21(h) x (d)

Table of Contents

Preface     xi
Introduction     1
Role of Groundwater in Water Resource Systems and Their Management     2
Management of Groundwater Resources     10
Scope and Organization of Book     13
Groundwater and Aquifers     19
Definitions     19
Moisture Distribution in a Vertical Profile     22
Classification of Aquifers     24
Hydraulic Approach to Flow in Aquifers     26
Continuum Approach to Flow Through Porous Media     28
Inhomogeneity and Anisotropy     31
Groundwater Balance     34
Groundwater Flow and Leakage     35
Natural Replenishment from Precipitation     37
Return Flow from Irrigation and Sewage     41
Artificial Recharge     42
River-Aquifer Interrelationships     51
Springs     53
Evapotranspiration     57
Pumpage and Drainage     58
Change in Storage     59
Regional Groundwater Balance     59
Groundwater Motion     60
Darcy's Law     60
Hydraulic Conductivity     66
Aquifer Transmissivity     69
Flow in Anisotropic Aquifers     71
Dupuit Assumptions for a Phreatic Aquifer     74
Mathematical Statement of the Groundwater Forecasting Problem     83
Aquifer Storativity     84
Basic Continuity Equation     89
Initial and Boundary Conditions     94
Fundamental Equations for Flow in Aquifers     103
Complete Mathematical Statement of a Groundwater Flow Problem     116
Methods for Solving Groundwater Flow Problems     124
Superposition     152
Hydrologic Maps and Flow Nets     160
Relationships between Flows in Isotropic and Anisotropic Aquifers     169
Analytical Solutions of One-Dimensional Steady Flows in Aquifers     176
Land Subsidence     184
Flow in the Unsaturated Zone     190
Capillary Pressure and Retention Curves     191
The Motion Equation     206
Relative Permeability     209
The Continuity Equations     213
Mathematical Statement of Unsaturated Flow     218
Methods of Solution     221
Groundwater Quality Problem (Hydrodynamic Dispersion)     225
Dispersion Phenomena     227
Occurrence of Dispersion Phenomena     231
Coefficients of Dispersion      231
The Equation of Hydrodynamic Dispersion     239
Initial and Boundary Conditions     248
Mathematical Statement of a Groundwater Pollution Problem     250
Aquifer Dispersion Equation and Parameters     252
Methods of Solution     259
Some Simple Analytic Solutions     263
Movement of Water Bodies Injected into Aquifers     276
Hydraulics of Pumping and Recharging Wells     300
Introduction     301
Steady Flow to a Well in a Confined Aquifer     304
Steady Flow to a Well in a Phreatic Aquifer     308
Steady Flow to a Well in a Leaky Confined Aquifer     312
Unsteady Flow to a Well in a Confined Aquifer     318
Unsteady Flow to a Well in a Phreatic Aquifer     331
Unsteady Flow to a Well in a Leaky Confined Aquifer     339
Partially Penetrating Wells     344
Multiple Well Systems     350
Wells Near Boundaries Treated by the Method of Images     357
Recharging and Pumping Wells in Uniform Flow     367
Well Losses and Specific Well Discharge     374
Hydraulics of Recharging Wells     377
Fresh Water-Salt Water Interface in Coastal Aquifers     379
Occurrence      379
Exact Mathematical Statement of the Problem     381
The Ghyben-Herzberg Approximation     384
Continuity Equation Based on the Dupuit Assumption     386
Stationary Interface     393
Approximate Solutions for a Moving Interface     406
Upconing Below a Well Pumping Above an Interface     414
Transition Zone     433
Modeling of Aquifer Systems     436
The Need for Aquifer Models     437
Model Calibration     439
Classification of Aquifer Models     440
Single Cell Models     442
Multiple Cell Models     447
Two Examples of Water Quality Models     455
Identification of Aquifer Parameters     463
Statement of the Inverse Problem     463
Pumping Tests     465
Inverse Methods for Determining Regional Aquifer Parameters     482
Use of Linear Programming in Aquifer Management     491
Brief Review of Linear Programming     492
Application of Linear Programming to Aquifer Management     495
Examples     501
Derivation of the Basic Transport Equation by Averaging     513
Averaging Along the Vertical     521
Problems (selected chapters)     523
Bibliography     541
Author Index     557
Subject Index     563